References

Acemoglu, D. (2002), ‘Technical change, inequality, and the labor market’, Journal of Economic Literature , vol. 40,no 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 7-72.

Alexander Bick, a. N. (2017), ‘Quantifying the Disincentive Effects of Joint Taxation on Married Women's Labor Supply’, vol. 107, pp. 100-104.

Asikainen, T., Bitat, A., Bol, E., Czako, V., Marmier, A., Muench, S., Murauskaite-Bull, I., Scapolo, F. and Stoermer, E. (2021), ‘The future of jobs is green’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: The European Union.

Autor, D. H., Levy, F. and Murnane, R. J. (2003), ‘The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 118, no 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 279-1333.

Barslund, M. (2022), The Dynamics of ICT skills in EU Member States , European Commission.

Benczur, P. G. (2011), ‘Analysis of changes in the tax and transfer system with a behavioural microsimulation model’, MNB Bulletin, vol. 6, Magyar Nemzeti Bank, pp. 15-27.

Bertoletti, A., Cannistra, M., Diaz Lema, M., Masci, C., Mergoni, A., Rossi, L. and Soncin, M. (2023a), ‘The determinants of mathematics achievement: A gender perspective using multilevel random forest’, Economies, vol. 11, no 2, JRC132496, pp. 32.

Bertoletti, A., Biagi, F., Di Pietro, G. and Karpinski, Z. (2023b), ‘The effect of the COVID-19 disruption on the gender gap in students’ performance: a cross-country analysis’, Large-scale assessments in education, vol. 11, JRC130766, pp. 6.

Boniol, M., McIsaac, M., Xu, L., Wuliji, T., Diallo, K. and Campbell, J. (2019), Gender equity in the health workforce: analysis of 104 countries , World Health Organisation.

Bowen, A. and Hancke, B. (2019), ‘The social dimensions of “greening the economy”: Developing a taxonomy of labour market effects related to the shift toward environmentally sustainable economic activities’, European Commission and LSE Consulting , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/24c67b4c-3293-11ea-ba6e-01aa75ed71a1.

Cappelli, P. (2012), ‘Why good people can't get jobs: the skills gap and what companies can do about it’, Wharton School Press, Philadelphia.

Card, D., Domnisoru , C. and Taylor, L. (2018), ‘The Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from the Golden Age of Upward Mobility’, NBER Working Paper No. 25000, vol. JEL No. I24..

Carlsson, M., Eriksson, S. and Rooth, D. (2023), ‘Language proficiency and hiring of immigrants: Evidence from a new field experimental approach Europe’, IZA Discussion Paper Series, no 15950.

Cedefop (2012), ‘Green skills and environmental awareness in vocational education and training’, no 24, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/5524.

Cedefop (2015), ‘Skill shortages and gaps in European enterprises: Striking a balance between vocational education and training and the labour market’, Cedefop reference series, no 102, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/3071.

Cedefop (2018), ‘Insights into skill shortaages and skill mismatch: Learning from Cedefop's European skills and jobs survey’, Cedefop reference series, no 106, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/3075.

Cedefop (2021a), ‘The green employment and skills transformation: Insights from a European Green Deal skills forecast scenario’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/4206.

Cedefop (2021b), ‘Understanding technological change and skill needs: big data and artificial methods. Cedefop practical guide 2’, Publications Office, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/4198. Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2023 136

Cedefop (2021c), ‘Understanding technological change and skill needs: skills surveys and skills forecasting. Cedefop practical guide 1’, Publications Office, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/4197

Cedefop (2021d), ‘Understanding technological change and skill needs: technology and skills foresight. Cedefop practical guide 3’, Publications Office, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/4199.

Cedefop (2022a), ‘An ally in the green transition’, Cedefop briefing note, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/9166.

Cedefop (2022b), Challenging digital myths: First findings from Cedefop’s second European skills and jobs survey , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/9173

Cedefop (2022c), ‘Cities in transition’, Cedefop briefing note, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/9172

Cedefop (2022d), ‘Microcredentials for labour marker education and training, First look at mapping microcredentials in European labour-market-related education training and learning: take-up, characteristics and functions’, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/.

Cedefop (2022e), Setting Europe on course for a human digital transition: New evidence from Cedefop’s second European skills and jobs survey , Publications Office of the European Unio, Luxemboug, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/3092.

Cedefop (2022f), ‘Too good to waste: Tapping the potential of vocational education and training in the waste management sector’, Policy brief, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/9175.

Cedefop (2023a), ‘Growing green: How vocational education and training can drive the green transition in agrifood’, Policy brief, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications/9181.

Cedefop (2023b), ‘Skills in transition [temporary title] (forthcoming)’, Publications Office, Luxembourg.

Centeno, C., Karpinski, Z. and Urzi Brancati, C. (2021), Supporting policies addressing the digital skills gap , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC128561.

Chatzipanagi, A. et al. (2022), ‘Clean Energy Technology Observatory: Photovoltaics in the European Union – 2022 Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets’, JRC130720, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at:https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130720.

Christou, T. C. (2023), Improving regional macroeconomic skills matching: a RHOMOLO analysis., European Commission.

Cirillo, V., Evangelista, R., Guarascio, D. and Sostero, M. (2021), ‘Digitalization, routineness and employment: An exploration on Italian task-based data’, Research Policy, vol. 50, no 7.

Das, S. and Kotikula, A. (2019), ‘Gender-based employment segregation: Understanding causes and policy interventions’, Jobs Working Paper, vol. 26, Wolrd Bank.

De Becker, E., Schoukens, P., Bruynseraede, C. and Dockx, A. (2022), ‘Comparative report on social security’, Working Yet Poor project, Horizon 2020, available at: https://kuleuven.limo.libis.be/discovery/search?query=any,contains,LIRIAS3738653&tab=LIRIAS&search_scope=lirias_profile&vid=32KUL_KUL:Lirias&offset=0.

Del Boca, D. (2015), ‘Childcare choices and child development’, IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pp. 134-134.

Di Iasio, V. and Wahba, J. (2023), ‘Natives’ attitudes and immigration flows to Europe’, IZA Discussion Paper Series, no 15942.

EIGE (2018), Study and work in the EU: set apart by gender, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/study-and-work-eu-set-apart-gender-report.

EIGE (2020a), Beijing + 25: the fifth review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, available at: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/beijing-25-fifth-review-implementation-beijing-platform-action-eu-member-states.

EIGE (2020b), Gender Equality Index 2020: Digitalisation and the future of work, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-index-2020-digitalisation-and-future-work.

ELA (2021), ‘EURES report on labour shortages and surpluses 2021’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at:https://www.ela.europa.eu/en/media/725.

ELA (2023), ‘EURES report on labour shortages and surpluses 2022’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.ela.europa.eu/en/labour-shortages-report.

Elena-Bucea, A., Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T. and Coelho, P. S. (2021), ‘Assessing the role of age, education, gender and income on the digital divide: Evidence for the European Union’, Information Systems Frontiers, vol. 23 (Summer 2021), pp. 1007-1021.

Erickson, C. L. and Norlander, P. (2021), ‘How the past of outsourcing and offshoring is the future of postpandemic remote work: A typology, a model and a review’, Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 53, no 1 (Winter 2022), pp. 71-89.

Eurofound (2020), ‘Tripartite agreement for economic reactivation and employment’, available at: https://static.eurofound.europa.eu/covid19db/cases/ES-2020-27_934.

Eurofound (2021), ‘Tackling labour shortages in EU Member States’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: hhttps://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef21006en.pdf.

Eurofound (2022), ‘Moving with the times: Emerging practices and provisions in collective bargaining’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2023/measures-to-tackle-labour-shortages-lessons-for-future-policy.

Eurofound (2023), ‘Measures to tackle labour shortages: Lessons for future policy’, Publishing Office of the European Union, Measures to tackle labour shortages: Lessons for future policy, available at: https://www.ela.europa.eu/en/media/725.

Eurofound and Cedefop (2020), ‘European Company Survey 2019: Workplace practices unlocking employee potential, European Company Survey 2019 series’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Eurofound and Joint Research Centre (2021), European Jobs Monitor 2021: Gender gaps and the employment structure , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at:https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2021/european-jobs-monitor-2021-gender-gaps-and-the-employment-structure.

European Central Bank (2022), ‘The recent drivers of household savings across the wealth distribution’, ECB Economic Bulletin, vol. Issue 3, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2009), Gender segregation in the labour market: Root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/39e67b83-852f-4f1e-b6a0-a8fbb599b256/language-en.

European Commission (2015), ‘Skills governance in the EU Member States, Synthesis report for the EEPO’, Publications Office, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2016a), ‘Bottleneck vacancies 2015’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/mt/publication-detail/-/publication/60f0f7d4-9a98-11e6-9bca-01aa75ed71a1.

European Commission (2016b), ‘Employment and Social Developments in Europe Annual Review 2016’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=2704&furtherNews=yes.

European Commission (2017), ‘A comparison of shortage and surplus occupations based on analyses of data from the European Public Employment Services and Labour Force Surveys’, Publications Office, available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/28a5c10c-48fc-11e8-be1d-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.

European Commission (2018), ‘European Pillar of Social Rights’, Publications Office, available at:https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2792/95934.

European Commission (2019a), ‘Advanced counterfactual evaluation methods : guidance document.’, European Union Publications Office, available at:https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/11968bbb-fac9-11e9-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-114227212.

European Commission (2019b), ‘Employment and Social Developments in Europe Annual Review 2019: Sustainable growth for all: choices for the future of Social Europe’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8219.

European Commission (2019c), Final report of the High-Level Expert Group on the impact of the digital transformation of the EU labour markets , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/final-report-high-level-expert-group-impact-digital-transformation-eu-labour-markets.

European Commission (2020a), ‘Analysis of shortage and surplus occupations 2020’, Pyblications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/22189434-395d-11eb-b27b-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.

European Commission (2020b), ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Action plan on integration and inclusion 2021-2027’, COM(2020) 758 final, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0758&qid=1632299185798.

European Commission (2020c), ‘Counterfactual impact evaluation of European Social Fund interventions in practice : guidance document for managing authorities’, Publications Office, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2020d), ‘Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2020: Leaving no one behind and striving for more: Fairness and solidarity in the European social market economy’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8342&furtherPubs=yes.

European Commission (2020e), ‘How to use administrative data for European Social Funds counterfactual impact evaluations : a step-by-step guide for managing authorities’, Publications Office, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2020f), ‘Impact assessment accompanying the document “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition – investing in’, SWD(2020) 176 final, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020SC0176.

European Commission (2021), Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe, Annual Review 2021, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://doi.org/10.2767/066622.

European Commission (2022a), ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: attracting skills and talent to the EU - COM/2022/657’.

European Commission (2022b), ‘Communication on better assessing the distributional impact of Member States’ policies (COM(2022)494final)’.

European Commission (2022c), ‘Council Recommendation of 16 June 2022 on ensuring a fair transition towards climate neutrality 2022/C 243/04’, OJ C 243, pp. 35–51, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022H0627(04).

European Commission (2022d), Education and Training Monitor 2022: Comparative report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/comparative-report/comparative-report.html#:%7E:text=The%20Education%20and%20Training%20Monitor%27s,context%20and%20possible%20policy%20levers.

European Commission (2022e), Employment and Social Developments in Europe Annual Review 2022, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8483&furtherPubs=yes.

European Commission (2022f), ‘European Economic Forecast: Autumn 2022’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2022g), ‘Labour market and wage developments in Europe: Annual Review 2022’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/128906.

European Commission (2022h), ‘Meta-analysis of the ESF counterfactual impact evaluations: final report’, Publication Office, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=22&furtherPubs=yes&pubId=8512&pk_source=newsletter&pk_medium=email&pk_campaign=eu_social_newsletter.

European Commission (2022i), ‘Special Eurobarometer 527: Fairness perceptions of the green transition’, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=10429&furtherNews=yes.

European Commission (2023a), ‘Annual Report on Intra-EU Labour Mobility 2022’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&furtherNews=yes&newsId=10545.

European Commission (2023b), ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the net-zero age’, COM(2023) 62 final, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52023DC0062&qid=1677776953226.

European Commission (2023c), ‘Communication from the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Harnessing talents in Europe's regions’, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2023%3A32%3AFIN.

European Commission (2023d), ‘Employment and Social Developments in Europe, Quarterly review. January 2023’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f952621a-a11e-11ed-b508-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.

European Commission (2023e), ‘European Economic Forecast: Spring 2023’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

European Commission (2023f), ‘European Economic Forecast: Winter 2023’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg., available at: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/document/download/22d2bcf9-3748-436d-987d-a11495a3a191_en?filename=ip194_en_1.pdf.

European Commission (2023g), ‘Investment needs assessment and funding availabilities to strengthen EU’s NetZero technology manufacturing capacity’, SWD(2023) 68 final, available at: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/publications/staff-working-document-investment-needs-assessment-and-funding-availabilities-strengthen-eus-net_en.

European Commission (2023h), ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on establishing a framework of measures for strengthening Europe’s net-zero technology products manufacturing ecosystem (Net Zero Industry Act)’, COM(2023) 161 final, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52023PC0161.

European Commission (2023i), Quarterly Review of Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) - April 2023 , Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8544&furtherPubs=yes.

European Commission (2023j), ‘The Future of Social Protection and the Welfare State in the EU’, Publications office, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=26589&langId=en.

European Commission (2023k), ‘The impact of demographic change – in a changing environment’, available at https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-01/the_impact_of_demographic_change_in_a_changing_environment_2023.PDF.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (2022), ‘Knowledge ecosystems in the new ERA – Using a competence-based approach for career development in academia and beyond’, Publication Office of the European Union, available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/150763.

European Investment Bank (2023), ‘What drives firms' investment in climate change? Evidence from the 2022- 2023 EIB Investment Survey’, available at: https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230114-what-drives-firms-investment-in-climate-change.

European Migration Network (EMN); OECD (2021), ‘mbrella Inform: The impact of COVID-19 in the migration area in EU and OECD countries’, available at: https://www.oecd.org/migration/mig/00-eu-emn-covid19-umbrella-inform-en.pdf.

European Parliament (2015), Encouraging STEM studies for the labour market, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/125159ec-f256-4a9a-a690-f9b6a84013af.

European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) et al. (2020), ‘European Social Dialogue Work Programme 2022- 2024’, available at: https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/media/reports_and_studies/2022-06-28_european_social_dialogue_programme_22-24_0.pdf.

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2022), Roma Survey 2021 – Main results, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://doi.org/10.2811/221064.

Eurostat (2023a), ‘Beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data’, Statistics Explained, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?oldid=605154.

Eurostat (2023b), ‘Excess mortality - statistics’, Statistics Explained, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Excess_mortality_-_statistics.

Eurostat (2023c), ‘Migration and migrant population statistics’, Statistics Explained, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics.

Eurostat (2023d), ‘Weekly death statistics’, Statistics Explained, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Weekly_death_statistics.

Ferragina, E. (2020), ‘Family policy and women's employment outcomes in 45 high-income countries: A systematic qualitative review of 238 comparative and national studies’, Social Policy & Administration, pp. 1016- 1066.

Filomena, M. and Picchio, M. (2021), ‘Are temporary jobs stepping stones or dead ends? A meta-analytical review of the literature’, IZA Discussion Paper, vol. No. 14367, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3851042.

Galuscak, K. a. (2019), ‘ax-benefit systems and differences in aggregate labour force participation: Comparative evidence from the Czech Republic and Hungary’, Economic Systems, vol. 43.

Gillespie, B. J., Mulder, C. H. and Thomas, M. J. (2021), ‘Migration for family and labour market outcomes in Sweden’, Population Studies, vol. 75, no 2, pp. 209-219.

Goenaga, X. et al. (2019), The changing nature of work and skills in the digital age, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC117505.

Goulart, K., Rodríguez-Menés, J. and Caroz Armayones, J. (2022), ‘Job descriptions from conception to recruitment: A qualitative review of hiring processes’, JRC Working Papers on Labour, Education and Technology 2022/06, European Commission, Seville.

Graham, H., Fuertes, V., Egdell, V. and Raeside, R. (2016), Women in ICT and digital technologies: An investigation of the barriers to women entering, staying, and progressing in the sector, and actions to ameliorate this - Executive Summary , Edinburgh Napier University, available at: https://www.napier.ac.uk/research-and-innovation/research-search/outputs/women-in-ict-and-digital-technologies-an-investigation-of-the-barriers-to-women-entering.

Grundke, R., Marcolin, L., Nguyen, T. L. and Squicciarini, M. (2018), ‘Which skills for the digital era? Returns to skills analysis’, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2018/09 , OECD Publishing, Paris.

Hank, K. and Kreyenfeld, M. (2003), ‘A Multilevel Analysis of Child Care and Women's Fertility Decisions in Western Germany’, Journal of Marriage and Family, no 65(3), pp. 584-596.

Heyes, J. and Rainbird, H. (2011), Bargaining for Training: Converging or Diverging Interests? in The Role of Collective Bargaining in the Global Economy .

Horbach, J. and Rammer, C. (2022), ‘Skills shortage and innovation’, vol. 29, no 6 (Summer 2022), pp. 734-759.

Horemans, J. and Marx, I. (2017), ‘Poverty and material deprivation among the self-employed in Europe: An exploration of a relatively uncharted landscape’, IZA Discussion Paper, vol. No. 11007, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3041803.

HOSPEEM-EPSU (2022), Updated framework of action on recruitment and retention.

IMF (2022), ‘Labour market tightness in advanced economies’, IMF Staff Discussion Notes, no 2022/001.

Inter-Agency Working Group on Work-based Learning: Cedefop, European Commission, European Training Foundation, ILO, OECD, UNESCO (2022), ‘Work-based learning and the green transition’, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: http://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2801/69991.

International Labour Office (2022), ‘Social Dialogue Report 2022 : Collective bargaining for an inclusive, sustainable and resilient recovery’, International Labour Office, Switzerland, available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_842807.pdf.

International Labour Office (2022), ‘Costs and Benefits of Investing in Transformative Care Policy Packages: A Macrosimulation Study in 82 Countries’, ILO working paper 55, International Labour Office.

Kanas, A. and Steinmetz, S. (2021), ‘Economic Outcomes of Immigrants with Different Migration Motives: The Role of Labour Market Policies’, European Sociological Review, vol. 37, no 3 (Summer 2021), pp. 449-464.

Kiss, A. and Vandeplas, A. (2015), Measuring skills mismatch, European Commission.

Kleven, H., Landais, C. and Søgaard, J. E. (2019), ‘Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, no 11(4), pp. 181-209.

Kratz, F. and Netz, N. (2018), ‘Which mechanisms explain monetary returns to international student mobility?’, Studies in Higher Education, vol. 43, no 2, pp. 375-400.

Kuczera, M. and Jeon, S. (2019), ‘Vocational Education and Training in Sweden’, OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training , OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g9fac5-en.

Lens, D., Marx, I. and Vujic, S. (2018), ‘Does migration motive matter for migrants’ employment outcomes? The case of Belgium’, IZA Discussion Paper, no 11906.

Mariscal-De-Gante, A., Palencia Esteban, A., Grubanov-Boskovic, S. and Fernandez Macias, E. (2023), ‘Feminization, ageing and occupational change in Europe in the last 25 years’, JRC Working Papers Series on Labour, education and technology , JRC132328, available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC132328.

McNally, S. (2020), ‘Gender differences in tertiary education: what explains STEM participation?’, IZA Policy Paper, no 165.

Menyhert, B. (2022), ‘The effect of rising energy and consumer prices on household finances, poverty and social exclusion in the EU’, Publications Office of the European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130650.

Migration Policy Group (2022), ‘Higher educated ethnic minority members not immune to discrimination: Exploring the "discrimination paradox" across the European Union’, available at: https://www.migpolgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ExploringtheDiscriminationParadoxacrosstheEU.pdf.

Mihály Szoboszlai, Z. B. (2018), ‘Assessment of the tax and transfer changes in Hungary between 2010 and 2017 using a microsimulation model’, MNB Occasional Papers 2018/135, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary).

Modestino, A. S., Shoag, D. and Balance, J. (2020), ‘Upskilling: Do employers demand greater skill when workers are plentiful?’, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 102, no 4, pp. 793-805.

Muench, S., Stoermer, E., Jensen, K., Asikainen, T., Salvi, M. and Scapolo, F. (2022), ‘Towards a green & digital future: Key requirements for successful twin transitions in the European Union’, JRC Science for Policy Report, JRC129319, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC129319.

Narazani, E. C. (2021), ‘EUROLAB: A Multidimensional Labour Supply-Demand Model for EU Countries’, European Commission, Seville.

Narazani, E., Agúndez García, A., Christl, M. and Figari, F. (2022), ‘Impact of alternative childcare policies on mothers’ employment for selected EU countries,’, JRC Working Papers on taxation and Structural Reforms No 08/2022, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Seville.

OECD (2018), ‘Catching up? Country studies on intergenerational mobility and children of immigrants’, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301030-en.

OECD (2019a), OECD Skills Outlook 2019: Thriving in a digital world, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/oecd-skills-outlook-2019_df80bc12-en.

OECD (2019b), PISA 2018 Results (Volume II): Where All Students Can Succeed, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd.org/publications/pisa-2018-results-volume-ii-b5fd1b8f-en.htm.

OECD (2020a), ‘Impact evaluation of labour market policies through the use of linked administrative data’, Publications office, available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Impact_evaluation_of_LMP.pdf.

OECD (2020b), OECD Employment Outlook 2020: Worker Security and the COVID-19 Crisis, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/1686c758-en.

OECD (2021a), ‘Improving the Provision of Active Labour Market Policies in Estonia, Connecting People with Jobs’, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/31f72c5b-en.

OECD (2021b), ‘Net Childcare Costs in EU Countries’, OECD Publishing, Paris.

OECD (2022a), ‘Governance and framework for social partners’ involvement in vocational education and training | Engaging Employers in Vocational Education and Training in Brazil : Learning from International Practices’, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/da8d7e38-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/da8d7e38-en.

OECD (2022b), ‘Harnessing digitalisation in public employment services to connect people with jobs’, OECD Policy Brief on Active Labour Market Policies , available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Harnessing_digitalisation_in_Public_Employment_Services_to_connect_people_with_jobs.pdf.

OECD (2022c), ‘Impact Evaluation of Vocational Training and Employment Subsidies for the Unemployed in Lithuania’, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/LTtechnicalNote-September2022.pdf.

OECD (2022d), OECD Employment Outlook 2022: Building Back More Inclusive Labour Markets, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/1bb305a6-en.

OECD (2022e), ‘The post-COVID-19 rise in labour shortages’, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no 1721, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/e60c2d1c-en.

OECD (2023a), ‘Evaluation of active labour market policies in Finland’, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/LTtechnicalNote-September2022.pdf.

OECD (2023b), ‘Job creation and local economic development 2023: Bridging the great green divide’, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/21db61c1-en.

OECD (2023c), ‘Labour and skills shortages in the agro-food sector’, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Paper, no 189, OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd.org/publications/labour-and-skills-shortages-in-the-agro-food-sector-ed758aab-en.htm#:%7E:text=Labour%20and%20skills%20shortages%20are,wages%20and%20limited%20career%20prospects..

OECD (2023d), The impact of AI on the workplace: Main findings from the OECD AI surveys of employers and workers , OECD Publishing, Paris, available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/the-impact-of-ai-on-the-workplace-main-findings-from-the-oecd-ai-surveys-of-employers-and-workers_ea0a0fe1-en;jsessionid=qd2iKMCxQhqyh8Y3Z00v0MwVAP9ZFDnrL6m8Ff7H.ip-10-240-5-183.

Pelley, E. and Carnes, M. (2020), ‘When a specialty becomes “women’s work”: Trends in and implications of specialty gender segregation in medicine’, Academic Medicine, vol. 95, no 10, pp. 1499-1506. link.

Ployhart, R. E., Schmitt, N. and Tippins, N. T. (2017), ‘Solving the Supreme Prolem: 100 years of selection and recruitment at the Journal of Applied Psychology’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 102, pp. 291-304. link.

Pomar, L., Favre, G., de Labrusse, C., Contier, A., Boulvain, A. and Baud, D. (2022), ‘ Impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth rates in Europe: a time series analysis in 24 countries’, Human Reproduction, vol. 37, pp. Pages 2921–2931..

Pouliakas, K. and Ranieri, A. (2018), Governance of Labor Market and Skills Intelligence as Driver of VET Reform

Pouliakas, K. and Wruuck, P. (2022), ‘Corporate training and skill gaps: did COVID-19 stem EU convergence in training investments?’, EIB Working Paper, Luxembourg, available at: https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economics-working-paper-2022-07.

Ryan, A. M. and Ployhart, R. E. (2014), ‘A century of selection’, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 65, pp. 693-717.

Saussay, A., Sato, M., Vona, F. and O'Kane, L. (2022), ‘Who’s fit for the low-carbon transition? Emerging skills and wage gaps in job and data’, FEEM Working Paper, no 31, available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4260227.

Schaeffer, M. (2019), ‘Social mobility and perceived discrimination: Adding an intergenerational perspective’, European Sociological Review, vol. 35, no 1, pp. 65-80.

Shannon, G., Minckas, N., Tan, D., Haghparast-Bidgoli, H., Batura, N. and Mannell, J. (2019), ‘Feminisation of the health workforce and wage conditions of health professions: an exploratory analysis’, Human Resources for Health , vol. 17, no 72 (Winter 2019).

SME United (2023), ‘SMEUnited priorities to tackle labour and skills shortages in SMEs – European Year of Skills’, available at: http://20221208-smeunited-priorities-eys-2023.pdf/.

Spasova, S. and Wilkens, M. (2018), The social situation of the self-employed in Europe, European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) and European Social Observatory (OSE), Brussels.

Steinmann, J. (2019), ‘The paradox of integration: why do higher educated new immigrants perceive more discrimination in Germany?’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 45, no 9, pp. 1377-1400.

Sutherland, H. a. (2013), ‘EUROMOD: the European Union tax-benefit microsimulation model’, International Journal of Microsimulation , vol. 1, pp. 4-26.

Telsnig, T. et al. (2022), ‘Clean Energy Technology Observatory: Wind Energy in the European Union – 2022 Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets’, JRC130582, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130582.

Thebaud, S. and Charles, M. (2018), ‘Segregation, stereotypes and STEM’, Social Sciences, vol. 7, no 7 (Summr 2018), pp. 1-18.

Thum-Thysen, A. V. (2019), Skills mismatch & productivity in the EU, Thum-Thysen, A., Vandeplas, A. (2019). Skills mismatch & productivity in the EU, Publications Office, European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, available at https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2765/954687.

Valenduc, G. (2011), ‘Not a job for life? Women's progression, conversion and dropout in ICT professions’, International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, vol. 3, no 2, pp. 483-500.

Verges Bosch, N., Freude, L., Samaranch, E. A. and Ramos, A. M. (2021), ‘Women working in ICT: situation and possibilities of progress in Catalonia and Spain’, Gender, Technology and Development, vol. 25, no 2 (Autumn 2021), pp. 275-293.

Vona, F. (2019), ‘Job losses and political acceptability of climate policies: why the “job-killing” argument is so persistent and how to overturn it’, Climate Policy, vol. 19, no 4 (Spring 2019), pp. 524-532.

Westhoff, L., Corti, F., Grabowska, I., Alcidi, C. and Chłoń-Domińczak, A. (2022), ‘Empowering children: childcare services in a rights-based comparative perspective (1.0)’.

Wiers-Jenssen, J. and Try, S. (2005), ‘Labour market outcomes of higher education undertaken abroad’, Studies in Higher Education , vol. 30, no 6, pp. 681-705.

Wiers-Jenssen, J., Tillman, M. and Matherly, C. (2020), ‘Employability: how education abroad impacts the transition to graduate employment’, in Anthony C. O., Streitwieser, B. and Van Mol, C. (Eds.), ‘Education abroad: bridging scholarship and practice’ , New York: Routledge.

World Economic Forum (2023), ‘Can automation pull us through the global labour shortage?’, available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/01/how-automation-will-pull-us-through-the-labour-shortage-davos23/#:%7E:text=Developed%20and%20developing%20economies%20are,more%20jobs%20than%20they%20eliminate.

World Health Organisation (2019), Delivered by women, led by men: A gender and equity analysis of the global health and social workforce , WHO Publishing, Geneva.