References

Promoting the labour force participation and employment of older people in the EUs

Albanese, A. and Cockx, B. (2015), Permanent inte Cost Subsidies for Older Adults: An effective tool for increasing working time and postponing early retirement?, Working Paper No 5301, Cesifo, Munich, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2598003.
Albinowski, M. (2024), ‘Part-time employment opportunities and labour supply of older workers’, Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Vol. 28, 100504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2024.100504.
Allen, S. G. (2019), Demand for Older Adults: What do economists think? What are firms doing?, Working Paper No 26597, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26597.
Ayalon, L. and Tesch-Römer, C. (2017), ‘Introduction to the section: Ageism – Concept and origins’, in: Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Nature, Cham, pp. 1–10, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8.
Bingley, P., Datta Gupta, N., Kallestrup-Lamb, M. and Pedersen, P. J. (2021), ‘Labor force exit in Denmark, 1980–2016: Impact from changes in incentives’, in: Börsch-Supan, A. and Coile, C. C. (eds), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Reforms and retirement incentives, University of Chicago Press, pp. 109–131..
Bloemen, H. (2022), ‘Job search requirements for older unemployed adults’, IZA World of Labor, online article, https://wol.iza.org/articles/job-search-requirements-for-older-unemployed-adults/long.
Boockmann, B., Zwick, T., Ammermüller, A. and Maier, M. (2012), ‘Do hiring subsidies reduce unemployment among older adults? Evidence from natural experiments’, Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 10, No 4, pp. 735–764, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01070.x.
Boockmann, B. (2015), ‘The effects of wage subsidies for older adults’, IZA World of Labor, online article, https://wol.iza.org/articles/effects-of-wage-subsidies-for-older-adults/long.
Bodnár, K. and Nerlich, C. (2020), ‘Drivers of rising labour force participation – The role of pension reforms’, ECB Economic Bulletin, No 5/2020, https://www.ecb.europa.eu//press/economic-bulletin/articles/2020/html/ecb.ebart202005_02~986ead40e8.en.html.
Börsch-Supan, A. and Coile C. C. (eds) (2021), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Reforms and retirement incentives, University of Chicago Press..
Butrica, B. A. and Mudrazija, S. (2022), Skills-based Hiring and Older Adults, Urban Institute, Washington, DC, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Skills-Based%20Hiring%20and%20Older%20Adults.pdf.
Carlsson, M. and Eriksson, S. (2019), ‘Age discrimination in hiring decisions: Evidence from a field experiment in the labor market’, Labour Economics, Vol. 59, pp. 173–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.03.002.
Cedefop (2023), European Guidelines for Validating Non-formal and Informal Learning, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2801/389827.
Chen, A. and Munnell, A. H. (2020), ‘Can older workers work from home?’, Issue in Brief No 20-9, Center for Retirement Research, Chestnut Hill, MA, https://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/IB_20-9.pdf.
Council Decision (EU) 2022/2481 of 14 December 2022 establishing the digital decade policy programme 2030 (OJ L 323, 19.12.2022, p. 4), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022D2481.
Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of adults at work (OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1989/391/oj.
Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0078.
Council of the European Union (2012), Council Recommendation 2012/C 398/01 of 20 December 2012 on the validation of non-formal and informal learning (OJ C 398, 22.12.2012, p. 1), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2012.398.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2012%3A398%3AFULL.
Council of the European Union (2016), Council Recommendation 2016/C 67/01 of 15 February 2016 on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labour market (OJ C 67, 20.02.2016, p. 1), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016H0220%2801%29.
Council of the European Union (2022a), Council Recommendation 2022/C 243/02 of 16 June 2022 on a European approach to micro-credentials for lifelong learning and employability (OJ C 243, 27.6.2022, p. 10), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022H0627(02).
Council of the European Union (2022b), Council Recommendation 2022/C 243/03 of 16 June 2022 on individual learning accounts (OJ C 243, 27.6.2022, p. 26), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022H0627(03).
Council of the European Union (2022c), Council Recommendation 2022/C 476/01 of 8 December 2022 on access to affordable high-quality long-term care (OJ C 476, 15.12.2022, p. 1), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2022.476.01.0001.01.ENG.
Council of the European Union (2022d), Council Recommendation 2022/C 484/01 of 8 December 2022 on early childhood education and care: The Barcelona targets for 2030 (OJ C 484, 20.12.2022, p. 1), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022H1220(01).
Dauth, C. and Toomet, O. (2016), ‘On government‐subsidized training programs for older adults’, Labour, Vol. 30, No 4, pp. 371–392, https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12082.
De Vos, K., Kapteyn, A. and Kalwij, A. (2021), ‘Social security programs and employment at older ages in the Netherlands’, in: Börsch-Supan, A. and Coile C. C. (eds), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Reforms and retirement incentives, University of Chicago Press, pp. 297–316.
Desjardins, R. and Warnke, A. (2012). Ageing and Skills: A Review and Analysis of Skill Gain and Skill Loss Over the Lifespan and Over Time, Education Working Paper No. 72, OECD, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en.
Eiffe, F. F., Muller, J. and Weber, T. (2024), Keeping Older Workers Engaged: Policies, practices and mechanisms, Working Paper No WPEF24030, Eurofound, Dublin, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-02/wpef24030.pdf.
Eurofound (2017), Working Conditions of Workers of Different Ages – European Working Conditions Survey 2015, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/system/files/2018-02/ef1747en.pdf.
Eurofound (2021), Working Conditions and Sustainable Work: An analysis using the job quality framework, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/system/files/2021-02/ef20021en.pdf.
European Commission (2021a), Commission communication – Union of equality: Strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities 2021–2030 (COM(2021) 101 final), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52021DC0101.
European Commission (2021b), Commission communication – The European Pillar of Social Rights action plan (COM(2021) 102 final), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2021:102:FIN.
European Commission (2023a), ‘The impact of demographic change – In a changing environment’, Commission Staff Working Document (SWD(2023) 21 final), Brussels, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-01/the_impact_of_demographic_change_in_a_changing_environment_2023.PDF.
European Commission (2023b), Discrimination in the European Union, Special Eurobarometer 535, https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2972.
European Commission (2023c), ‘Demographic change in Europe: a toolbox for action’ (COM(2023) 577 final), Brussels, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2023:577:FIN.
European Commission (2024), ‘Communication on Labour and skills shortages in the EU: an action plan’ (COM(2024) 131 final), Brussels, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0131.
European Commission: Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (2024), 2024 Ageing Report – Economic and budgetary projections for the EU Member States (2022–2070), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2765/022983.
European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2021), Union of Equality – Strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities 2021–2030, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3e1e2228-7c97-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2022), The employment of persons with disabilities, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, EDE2022-Statistical Summary report on Employment_FINAL (6).pdf.
European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2024), 2024 Pension Adequacy Report – Current and future income adequacy in old age in the EU, Vol. 1, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/909323.
Frimmel, W., Horvath, T., Schnalzenberger, M. and Winter-Ebmer, R. (2015), Seniority Wages and the Role of Firms in Retirement, IZA Discussion Paper No. 9192, Institute of Labour Economics, Bonn, https://hdl.handle.net/10419/114065.
Geppert, C., Guillemette, Y., Morgavi, H. and Turner, D. (2019), Labour Supply of Older People in Advanced Economies: The impact of changes to statutory retirement ages, Economics Department Working Paper No 1554, OECD, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b9f8d292-en.
Halme, J. (ed.) (2022), Policy Recommendations for a Longer Working Life, Baltic Sea Labour Forum for Sustainable Working Life, Stockholm, https://cbss.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bslf-swl-policy-recommendations-longer-working-life_220829-1.pdf.
Harris, K., Krygsman, S., Waschenko, J. and Rudman, D. L. (2017), ‘Ageism and the older worker: A scoping review’, The Gerontologist, Vol. 58, No 2, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw194.
International Labour Organization (1980), Older workers recommendation, No 162, https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312500#:~:text=Each%20Member%20should%2C%20within%20the,with%20regard%20to%20older%20adults.
International Labour Organization (2019), Supporting Longer Working Lives: Multistage approaches for decent and productive work, Background Paper, Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/media/407921/download.
Konle-Seidl, R. (2018), ‘Retention and reintegration of older adults into the labour market: What works best?’, in: Hohnerlein, E., Hennion, S. and Kaufmann, O. (eds), Employment Biographies and Social Protection in Europe, Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56033-4_35.
Levy Yeyati, E., Montané, M. and Sartorio, L. (2019), What Works for Active Labor Market Policies?, CID Faculty Working Paper No 358, Harvard University Growth Lab, Cambridge, MA, http://www.tinyurl.com/2ygy68xa.
Mandl, I., Patrini, V., Jalava, J., Lantto, E. and Muraille, M. (2018), State initiatives supporting the labour market integration of older adults, Eurofound, Dublin, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/eurofound-paper/2018/state-initiatives-supporting-labour-market-integration-older.
Martin, J. P. (2018), Live Longer, Work Longer: The changing nature of the labour market for older adults in OECD countries, IZA Discussion Paper No. 11510, Institute of Labour Economics, Bonn, https://repec.iza.org/dp11510.pdf.
Müller, N. and Behringer, F. (2012), Subsidies and levies as policy instruments to encourage employer-provided training, Education Working Paper No. 80, OECD, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k97b083v1vb-en.
OECD (2019), Working Better with Age, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c4d4f66a-en.
OECD (2020), Promoting an Age-Inclusive Workforce: Living, learning and earning longer, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/promoting-an-age-inclusive-workforce_59752153-en.html.
OECD (2023a), Retaining Talent at All Ages, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/00dbdd06-en.
OECD (2023b), Reporting Gender Pay Gaps in OECD Countries: Guidance for Pay Transparency Implementation, Monitoring and Reform, Gender Equality at Work, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ea13aa68-en.
Orfao, G. and Malo, M. Á. (2023), ‘Are active labour market policies effective for the older unemployed? A meta-evaluation’, Ageing & Society, Vol. 43, No 7, pp. 1617–1637, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21001288.
Palme, M. and Laun, L. (2021), ‘Social security reforms and the changing retirement behavior in Sweden’, in: Börsch-Supan, A. and Coile, C. C. (eds), Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Reforms and retirement incentives, University of Chicago Press.
Picchio, M. (2021), ‘Is training effective for older adults?’, IZA World of Labor, online article, https://wol.iza.org/articles/is-training-effective-for-older-workers/long.
Renkema, A. (2006), ‘Individual learning accounts: A strategy for lifelong learning?’ Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 18, No 6, pp. 384–394, https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620610682107.
Van Borm, H., Burn, I. and Baert, S. (2021), ‘What does a job candidate’s age signal to employers?’, Labour Economics, Vol. 71, 102003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102003.
Vandenberghe, V. (2022), ‘Working beyond 50’, in: Zimmermann, K. F. (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, Cham, pp. 1–23, https://perso.uclouvain.be/vincent.vandenberghe/Papers/Working_Beyond_50_Handbook.pdf.
Vodopivec, M., Finn, D., Laporšek, S., Vodopivec, M. and Cvörnjek, N. (2019), ‘Increasing employment of older adults: Addressing labour market obstacles’, Journal of Population Ageing, Vol. 12, pp. 273–298, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12062-018-9236-4.
Vooren, M., Haelermans, C., Groot, W. and Maassen van den Brink, H. (2019), ‘The effectiveness of active labor market policies: A meta‐analysis’, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 33, No 1, pp. 125–149, https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12269.
Waddington, L. (2023), Striving for an Inclusive Labour Market in Europe: Positive actions and reasonable accommodation to facilitate hiring and employment of persons with disabilities involving employers and employer initiatives, European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels, https://infoeuropa.mne.gov.pt/Nyron/Library/Catalog/winlibimg.aspx?doc=55350&img=11403.