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Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe 2025
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Foreword
Summary and main findings
Chapter 1.
General labour market conditions in the EU and its Member States
Introduction
Labour market developments in the EU and its Member States
The impact of US tariff hikes on employment
Changes in the employment structure after the pandemic and implications for productivity growth
Policy implications
Conclusions
References
Annex 1.1: The impact of restructuring on employment and productivity
Annex 1.2: Selected graphs and tables
Chapter 2.
Wages and labour costs developments in the EU and its Member States
Introduction
Wage developments and outlook
Developments in wage adequacy
The interplay between wages and competitiveness
Policy implications
Conclusions
References
Annex 2.1: Selected graphs
Chapter 3.
Job retention schemes in perspective: lessons learnt and insights for future policy
Introduction
Job retention schemes in the past, present and future
The design of job retention schemes in theory and practice
Analysis of different designs of job retention schemes
Policy implications and conclusions
References
Annex 3.1: Selected graphs
Appendix: Statistical annex
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Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe 2025
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Statistical annex
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Appendix: Statistical annex
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Annex 3.2: Multistage retirement
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