Table A.3
Shortage occupations characterised by lower skill
demand
Skills in shortage occupations, by broad occupation skill group, EU-27 plus Norway and Iceland
|
|
|
All sample |
Skilled |
Semi-skilled |
Manual |
Elementary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Job skills requirements |
Literacy scale |
-0.137*** |
-0.0813*** |
-0.191*** |
0.0468 |
0.0272 |
|
|
|
(-16.73) |
(-8.48) |
(-10.26) |
-1.86 |
-0.78 |
|
|
Numeracy scale |
-0.0538*** |
-0.0482*** |
-0.0410* |
-0.00484 |
-0.224*** |
|
|
|
(-7.41) |
(-7.27) |
(-2.57) |
(-0.27) |
(-7.17) |
|
|
Manual skills scale |
0.101*** |
0.0496*** |
0.196*** |
0.00984 |
-0.0273 |
|
|
|
-15.15 |
-5.78 |
-11.8 |
-0.49 |
(-1.14) |
|
|
Social skills scale |
0.0806*** |
-0.0189 |
0.355*** |
0.123** |
0.0145 |
|
|
|
-5.86 |
(-1.30) |
-14.33 |
-3.1 |
-0.25 |
|
|
Digital skills index Non-user |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
|
|
Low |
-0.0587*** |
-0.023 |
-0.0900*** |
0.0596* |
-0.0557** |
|
|
|
(-5.63) |
(-1.33) |
(-5.13) |
-2.23 |
(-2.79) |
|
|
Medium |
-0.101*** |
-0.0275 |
-0.150*** |
-0.00019 |
-0.115*** |
|
|
|
(-9.02) |
(-1.45) |
(-9.05) |
(-0.01) |
(-5.40) |
|
|
High |
-0.0262* |
0.0845*** |
-0.163*** |
-0.0698* |
-0.0538 |
|
|
|
(-2.06) |
-4.4 |
(-10.02) |
(-2.33) |
(-1.62) |
|
Job quality |
Job complexity scale |
0.0204* |
0.0192* |
0.0286 |
-0.0266 |
0.00824 |
|
|
|
-2.06 |
-2.55 |
-1.77 |
(-0.90) |
-0.16 |
|
|
Routinisation scale |
-0.0258** |
-0.0122 |
-0.0569*** |
-0.135*** |
0.0743* |
|
|
|
(-3.26) |
(-1.74) |
(-3.59) |
(-4.67) |
-2.48 |
|
Demography |
Education Low |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
|
|
Medium |
-0.0074 |
0.0313*** |
-0.0524*** |
-0.024 |
0.009 |
|
|
|
(-0.98) |
-3.52 |
(-4.43) |
(-0.83) |
-0.44 |
|
|
High |
-0.0234*** |
0.0404*** |
-0.0514*** |
-0.0781** |
-0.0083 |
|
|
|
(-2.85) |
-4.21 |
(-3.15) |
(-2.27) |
(-0.28) |
|
Skill mismatch |
Skill gap Great extent |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
(.) |
|
|
Moderate extent |
-0.0261*** |
-0.0244*** |
-0.0183 |
-0.0213 |
-0.0209 |
|
|
|
(-4.66) |
(-5.58) |
(-1.76) |
(-0.94) |
(-0.60) |
|
|
Small extent |
-0.0303*** |
-0.0336*** |
-0.0179 |
-0.0438* |
-0.0301 |
|
|
|
(-4.99) |
(-5.56) |
(-1.51) |
(-2.06) |
(-0.91) |
|
|
None |
-0.0252*** |
-0.0389*** |
-0.0339* |
-0.038 |
-0.013 |
|
|
|
(-3.57) |
(-3.75) |
(-2.21) |
(-1.67) |
(-0.41) |
|
|
Observations |
41375 |
22587 |
11167 |
4829 |
2137 |
Note: Marginal effects of regression coefficients following the estimation of probit models with binary dependent variable, indicating if an individual is employed in a labour shortage occupation at 3-digit level. Regressions are carried out for the whole sample of paid adult employees in the EU-27 plus Norway and Iceland, as well as individually for samples of broad occupational skill groups (i.e. skilled, semi-skilled, manual, elementary occupations). Other control variables include required education for job, firm size, private sector, work hours, remote work and country dummies. The occupational skills groups are defined as follows: Skilled occupations: Managers ISCO 1, Professionals ISCO 2; Technicians and associate professionals ISCO 3; Semi-skilled occupations: Clerical support workers ISCO 4; Service and sales workers ISCO 5; Manual occupations: Skilled agriculture, forestry and fishing ISCO 6; Craft and related trades workers ISCO 7; Plant and machine operators and assemblers ISCO 8; Elementary: Elementary occupations ISCO 9
Source: Cedefop ESJS2 2021.