Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) 2023

Table A.1
Complete list of persistent labour shortages in various types of occupations

Occupations in persistent labour shortage, ISCO-08, 2016-2021

ISCO 3-digit code Description of occupation Employment (number of million, % employment) in 2021 people in of total Change employment 2012 in since

Shortage identified at ISCO 3-digit using the selection criteria:

221

Medical doctors

1.9 (1%)

16%

 

2211 Generalist medical practitioners

 

 

 

2212 Specialist medical practitioners

 

 

222

Nursing and midwifery professionals

1.6 (0.8%)

22%

 

2221 Nursing professionals

 

 

251

Software and applications developers and analysts

3.3 (1.7%)

88%

 

2511 Systems analysts

 

 

 

2512 Software developers

 

 

 

2513 Web and multimedia developers

 

 

 

2514 Applications programmers

 

 

 

2519 Software and applications developers and analysts not elsewhere classified

 

 

512

Cooks

1.7 (0.8%)

-3%

 

5120 Cooks

 

 

513

Waiters and bartenders*

1.9 (1%)

-34%

522

Shop salespeople

10.2 (5.3%)

-6%

532

Personal care workers in health services

4.2 (2%)

9%

 

5321 Healthcare assistants

 

 

 

5322 Home-based personal care workers

 

 

711

Building frame and related trades workers

4 (2%)

4.50%

 

7112 Bricklayers and related workers

 

 

 

7114 Concrete placers, concrete finishers and related workers

 

 

 

7115 Carpenter and joiners

 

 

712

Building finishers and related trades workers

2.3 (1.2%)

-2%

 

7121 Roofers

 

 

 

7126 Plumbers and pipe fitters

 

 

 

7127 Air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics

 

 

721

Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders and welders, and related workers

1.7 (0.8%)

-16%

 

7212 Welders and flamecutters

 

 

 

7213 Sheet metal  workers

 

 

 

7214 Structural metal preparers and erectors

 

 

723

Machinery mechanics and repairers

3.6 (1.8%)

19%

 

7231 Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers

 

 

 

7233 Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and repairers

 

 

741

Electrical equipment installers and repairers 

2.4 (1.2%)

4.60%

 

7411 Building and related electricians

 

 

 

7412 Electrical mechanics and fitters

 

 

833

Heavy truck and bus drivers

3.8 (1.9%)

-1.30%

 

8331 Bus and tram drivers

 

 

 

8332 Heavy truck and lorry drivers

 

 

911

Domestic, hotel, and office cleaners and helpers

6.1 (3%)

-10.50%

 

9112 Cleaners and helpers in offices, hotels and other establishments

 

 

Shortage identified only at ISCO 4-digit level:

 

2142 Civil engineers

 

 

 

2151 Electrical engineers

 

 

 

2411 Accountants

 

 

 

3112 Civil engineering technicians

 

 

 

7223 Metal working and machine tool setting

 

 

Source: BCS and EU-LFS 2012-2021.