Interviews
Then and Now
From the pioneers of 1996 to the innovators of 2026, we explore how the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) became the backbone of science in Europe.
Then
2000
Jean-Sébastien Steyer
Senior Researcher in Palaeontology at the CNRS and Author and Exhibition Commissioner at the Musée national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris, France
Science is not a straight line, it is a web of connections. Once you start exploring it is like a chain reaction, leading you whether by choice or by chance to new unexpected research ideas.
Now
2026
Judit Romero Pérez
SMASH Postdoctoral Fellow at the Univerza v Novi Gorici in Nova Gorica, Slovenia
The quest to unveil the nature of dark matter is one of the most important open questions in our understanding of the Universe. Galaxy clusters, in particular, pose unique challenges, pushing our ability to detect extremely faint gamma-ray signals that could reveal new physics.
Interview
1. When did you apply and when did you carry out your project? What motivated you to apply for an MSCA?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
After completing my PhD in France, I was eager to step beyond the walls of my lab and to develop a new project. So, in 2001, I took the leap and decided to apply for a Marie Curie grant, as it was known then. The programme was already well-regarded and competitive. I knew securing a grant would require time, inspiration, and the right contact.
My PhD supervisor, Jean-Claude Rage, introduced me to Professor Zbyněk Roček, who led the evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) team at the Charles University in Prague. Evo-devo examines how changes in development shape evolution over time using a comparative approach and was a field that I had explored in my PhD, though my focus had been on fossilised tetrapods. I wanted to push further, so when the idea emerged to apply the same methodology with living amphibians in Czechia, my response was: let's go!
Judit Romero Pérez:
I applied to the SMASH MSCA-COFUND programme in September 2024 and have been carrying out my project since March 2025. The SMASH programme offers a unique intersectoral and career-development training environment, designed to connect scientific applications of machine learning, or, more broadly, artificial intelligence, with some of today’s most challenging research problems.
After completing my PhD on using gamma-ray astronomy to uncover the fundamental physics of the Universe, and becoming increasingly aware of the need to upgrade our data-analysis skills, I deliberately built my research profile at the intersection of different fields. In this context, it quickly became clear that I could not let this opportunity pass.
2. What do you value most about the training and opportunities that the MSCA has offered you?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
My experience as a Marie Curie fellow was not just a springboard for my career, helping me to apply for a permanent position, it also gave me the freedom to think outside the box. I had the opportunity to work in a different lab from the one in which I completed my PhD, which was enriching both on a personal and professional level. During this time, I not only discovered new research fields but also a new culture. I went to the Czech Republic, a country which has a long history, a very rich artistic culture, but also a great lifestyle and cuisine!
I will always remember the time I went with my supervisor to visit a botanical garden, not so far from Prague, where I saw the original paintings of paleo-artist Zdeněk Burian. I've known this painter since I was a kid, turning the pages of books on dinosaurs. His vibrant reconstructions of prehistoric life inspired in part my passion for my research topic. So, finding out that the Czech Republic has his museum was a revelation. It felt like I was coming full circle.
Judit Romero Pérez:
As my first postdoctoral experience, the MSCA provides an ideal framework to build an interdisciplinary and international research network. For me, this is essential not only for the successful development of the project but also for the professional growth of each fellow. I firmly believe that engaging in such a collaborative environment is one of the most important steps in the career development of any researcher.
3. What was/is your research focus, and why did it matter to you?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
I am a palaeontologist specialised in the evolution of stegocephalians; prehistoric giant amphibians that roamed the Earth before the dinosaurs. My research helps to answer fundamental questions like: What did our planet look like 300 million years ago? How did ancient environments shape the species that lived in them and vice versa?
I want to understand these worlds that have been lost to us. But for me, the real drive goes beyond academic curiosity. I want to bring these lost worlds to life, not just for other scientists, but for everyone. Whether through museum exhibits, documentaries, or public talks, I’m passionate about sharing both the discoveries and the methods behind them.
Judit Romero Pérez:
Since ancient times, humanity has been driven by the desire to understand the cosmos and the nature of matter. The success of the current cosmological model, outlining the Universe’s formation history, is undeniable, yet it remains incomplete. It fails to explain, one of the most compelling mysteries of modern physics: the existence and origin of dark matter.
Photons are our primary source of information from the Universe. Observing gamma-rays, the most energetic electromagnetic radiation, is therefore a key strategy to test the boundaries of these fundamental theories and discover new physics. Gamma-ray astronomy is one of the youngest branches of astrophysics. Yet the richness of the gamma-ray band poses major challenges for searches of new physics: combining data from different instruments, the diversity of gamma-ray source properties, and the limitations of the analysis methods.
My research project aims to investigate the challenges associated with the detection of diffuse gamma-rays from the largest, most massive astrophysical objects in the Universe, galaxy clusters, and expand our understanding of the different processes that originate this emission using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques.
The quest to unveil the nature of dark matter is one of the most important open questions in our understanding of the Universe. Galaxy clusters, in particular, pose unique challenges, pushing our ability to detect extremely faint gamma-ray signals that could reveal new physics. Learning about machine learning has opened a new avenue for the future of gamma-ray data analysis. Exploring how these advanced techniques can enhance our ability to study the fundamental building blocks of the Universe is, in my view, an especially exciting question to address.
4. How has exposure to different research cultures, sectors and environments shaped your way of thinking professionally and personally?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
With my Marie Curie grant, I moved from the study of extinct fossil amphibians to living ones. Thanks to my postdoc, I learnt new methodologies like tissue clearing and staining techniques. We coloured the tissues in different amphibians, depending on their growth stages, to compare them more effectively. I had initially planned to simply apply these existing methods to a new group, but the project evolved far beyond that. In Prague, we used 3D scanning, a technique still rare in evo-devo at the time. The beauty of the Marie Curie grant was that I had the freedom to explore. In this new working environment, I found new colleagues, new friends, and new directions of the project that would be interesting to test, and this is what is really exciting.
This flexibility extended beyond the lab. During my post-doc, I split my time between Charles University in Prague and the Museum of Natural History of the Czech Republic, bridging the scientific and public sphere. Since then, talking to visitors, designing exhibits, and translating complex science into accessible stories has become just as much a part of my work as publishing papers. Today, as a civil servant in France working at the CNRS, it is essential for me to be able to explain to a broader audience what I am doing with public funding, as it enables me to carry out my research.
Judit Romero Pérez:
Working in such an interdisciplinary and international environment brings diversity to the project in every sense: perspectives, ideas, methodologies, problem-solving approaches, and knowledge transfer. As MSCA researchers, we also have a responsibility to build science that overcomes biases and to find inclusive ways of communicating our work to everyone.
5. Looking back (or ahead), what do you think defines “excellence” in research?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
Excellence was already a core part of Marie Curie grants when I applied in 2001. You needed to demonstrate that the project idea was truly original and that your host is the best place in the world to do it. But excellence is not just about responding to evaluation criteria: it is a blend of inspiration and methodology.
Methodology and technology alone are not enough to make excellent science. You need imagination and creativity. This means taking the time to explore the limits of your work, to understand how you can go further. That is the most important ingredient for excellence: to keep this capacity to take distance, to analyse what we are doing, and to push beyond the obvious.
Judit Romero Pérez:
Excellence in research is a broad concept. While researchers working in applied fields, such as the medical sciences, may associate excellence with direct societal applications and high scientific output, I personally believe that the role of fundamental science is to ensure that analytical robustness, reproducibility, and careful uncertainty estimation are never overlooked in the application of the scientific method. These principles are ultimately responsible for the quality and reliability of scientific results.
6. What message would you share with future MSCA fellows starting their journey?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
Dare to think outside of the box. This will lead to new meetings, to new fields, to new interactions. I know it is easier said than done. We can sometimes feel that we are stuck in a tunnel with articles to write, proofs to read, fieldwork to plan, and courses to organise. But this is the right time to stop, think and explore. Science is not a straight line; it is a web of connections. Once you start exploring, it is like a chain reaction, leading you, whether by choice or by chance, to new unexpected research ideas.
Judit Romero Pérez:
Enjoy every opportunity offered by the MSCA network, from working with researchers across different scientific fields to participating in soft-skills training and contributing to visible citizen-oriented outreach activities.
7. In 2026, the MSCA programme celebrates its 30th anniversary – an important achievement for both the European Union and the research community. What do you think makes the MSCA stand out as the European Union’s flagship funding programme for doctoral education and postdoctoral training of researchers?
Jean-Sébastien Steyer:
We need to celebrate the fact that the MCSA is providing amazing opportunities to researchers, through supporting them in developing fundamental research and producing new knowledge. In a world where science is sometimes seen as a threat to tradition, profit, or ideology, the MSCA stands as a reminder of its true purpose: to help us understand and explain the world. The programme is not just about funding; it is about using that funding to support the development of researchers and to foster a culture where rigour and imagination go hand in hand.
Judit Romero Pérez:
The impact of this programme on the professional careers of the fellows is undeniable. Leading research institutions clearly value the interdisciplinary training provided by the programme, as well as the innovative ideas fostered within its research environment. Finally, it is important to acknowledge the strong commitment of the MSCA programme to green science, diversity, and inclusion.
8. If you have any professional links you would like us to include (e.g., personal website, institutional page, portfolio, social media), please feel free to share them as well.
Jean-Sébastien Steyer: