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Recommendations for establishing Action Programmes under Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources
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Recommendations for establishing Action Programmes under Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources

Part B. Farming practices in relation to water pollution risks

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Agriculture is associated with the loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to water bodies. The magnitude of these losses is determined by climatological factors (temperature, precipitation), by soil factors (texture, organic matter, slope), and by farming practices. Farming practices encompass numerous strategic decisions (scale, intensity, decisions concerning crop and animal types) and a myriad of tactical and operational decisions (what types of N and P should be used, when, at what rates, and how much?). This is part B of the Final Report of Contract N° 07 0307/2010/580551/ETU/B1t “Recommendations for establishing Action Programmes under Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources” which addresses the aforementioned needs. The general objective of the study is ‘to build further on the study of ERM (2001), to cover EU-27 and take into account the most recent relevant scientific and technical data on nitrogen emissions, agricultural practices and environmental and climatic conditions’. The study consists of four parts: Part A: Review and further differentiation of the pedo-climatic zones in Europe: definition of pedo-climatic (sub) zones. Part B: Detailed analysis of the link between farming practices and the risks for leaching/run off towards waters and eutrophication processes. Part C: Detailed analysis of the processes in the soil (surface and subsoil) that influence nutrient leaching and run off that could lead to pollution of waters and eutrophication processes. Part D: Recommendations for the measures referred to in Annex II and Annex III of the Nitrates Directive, differentiated for each pedo-climatic (sub) zone. The Part B report aims at providing a technical analysis and scientific evaluation of the link between farming practices and the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching or run-off, with emphasis on the farming practices linked with the measures to be included in the Codes of Good Agricultural Practices and Action Programmes, as specified in Annexes II and III of the Nitrates Directive. Whenever relevant and possible, the analysis is made for each of the identified pedoclimatic (sub) zones in part A. Part B starts with an overview of the farm typology across the EU27 to underline the considerable differences. Next, an analysis is made of the relationships between farming practices and N and P losses, as affected by weather, by soil, and by the nature of manures and fertilizers. The focus is on the measures referred to in Annex II and Annex III of the Nitrates Directive. The part B report provides underpinning for defining closed periods during which land spreading of manures and fertilizers is inappropriate and shows what aspects are to be considered when deciding on the size and construction of storage vessels for manures. It includes a reasoned method according to which farmers can establish a balanced N and P fertilization of their crops, and gives indications of the 6 implications for corresponding livestock densities. Special attention is given to the required adjustments of practices on sloping land and on soils that are water saturated or frozen. The report further identifies techniques by which manures, fertilizers and also irrigation water can be applied according to methods that promote the utilization of N and P, and addresses how the ensemble of crops, including cover crops, may impact on the loss of nutrients to the environment.
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