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Improvment of sampling and analysis procedures for clean and high purity steel
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Improvment of sampling and analysis procedures for clean and high purity steel

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The technological progress realised in different industries (automotive, offshore, canning, nuclear, aerospace, etc.) has placed increasing demands on the quality of steel products and on the development of steel grades with low contents of O, S, N, P. To develop such products, process control and quality assurance are needed. Consequently there is a clear requirement to easily and quickly quantify and identify segregations and inclusions on both a macro and micro scale. Great progress has been made to eliminate deoxidisation inclusions and to limit reoxidations. For most of Al-kilned steels, total oxygen contents under 20 ppm are currently obtained on classical grades for flat and bar products. Levels of about 5 ppm are now reached reproducibly for steels like bearing steels. But to assure that the customer demands are fulfilled it is necessary to control the homogeneity and the cleanness all along the elaboration chain. It has been shown that a significant contribution to the overall uncertainty of achieving a specific steel chemistry is made by the representativity and homogeneity of samples and the precision of analytical procedures. The ultimate objective is to improve steel-making capability so that steels can be made to closer composition tolerances and with greater consistency from cast to cast. This will require improvements to sampling and analysis procedures. In order to fulfil this objective, four major activities are performed: - adaptation of new developments in the field of analytical methods (PDA-OES and FGA) to improve the control of steel-making process. Most of the developments concern the PDA-OES technique improving the detection limits and the analytical precision and providing faster information on cleanness of steel products, - rapid description of the possible heterogeneities (defects or segregations) of the metal at different stages of the process (mapping system), - improvement of liquid steel sampling to be sure that information can be used for predicting the final cleanness and purity of the metal. These improvements should result from fudamental design studies with quantification of their effectiveness by analytical techniques, - adaptation of the techniques and procedures to on-site analysis possibilities. Some of the developments have been tested in industrial plants to control their effectiveness.
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