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Overview of the state of data collection and scientific advice in the EU ORs, with case study on a roadmap towards regular stock assessment in French Guiana
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Overview of the state of data collection and scientific advice in the EU ORs, with case study on a roadmap towards regular stock assessment in French Guiana

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Relevant fish stocks and other marine organisms, and associated fishing activities for data collection and scientific advice in support of fisheries management advice in each OR Small-scale fisheries constitute the main fisheries in the ORs. These fisheries are polyvalent and multispecies, utilising disperse landing sites, with the main fishing effort concentrated in coastal waters. Although demersal (and in some instances small pelagic) species can numerically dominate catches, there is a lack of basic quantification of such landings throughout ORs; on average less than 5% of species comprising demersal and small pelagic catch have their landings assessed. Such low levels of quantification are likely due to the high diversity of species captured within ORs (e.g. up to 200 demersal species), a lack of staff resources to quantify such catch, and lack of capacity to adequately identify fish species. Despite this, the majority of ORs do have some form of landings assessment, which focus on the most abundant species landed, (i.e. numerically important) or quantify species into major groups (e.g. sharks, reef fish). In line with low reporting of landings for demersal and small pelagic species, there is a near complete lack of formal assessment of the species comprising these groups, and a lack of understanding of stock boundaries. Réunion is the only OR which formally assesses some of their demersal stocks, which encapsulates only 6 demersal species. Despite this, the majority of ORs do collect limited biological data on a small number of demersal species, with data poor stock assessment models then used to model stock sustainability. All ORs (except French Guiana) which target large pelagic species undertake formal stock assessment of a limited range of the species that are also covered by RFMOs (e.g. IOTC, ICCAT) conservation measures. These measures ensure that temperate and tropical tuna, as well as a range of ‘tuna-like’ species (e.g. blue marlin, black marlin, striped marlin, sailfish, wahoo, dolphinfish) are formally assessed and the stocks managed sustainably. The structure of the fishing fleet is relatively similar throughout ORs, being dominated by small-scale fishing fleets that utilize a large range of different gears. These gears can include pelagic and demersal handlines and longlines, pole and line, a range of nets (including driftnet, static and circle nets) and cages (e.g. for lobster and crab). Such a diversity of métiers used within ORs aligns with the high diversity of species that are landed, but also reduce the ability for ORs to adequately collect sufficient data to assess the impact of such métiers on stocks. Although the small-scale fishing fleet may numerically dominate the OR fleet, the large vessels that focus on a much smaller array of (predominantly) large pelagic fishes are by value much more important within the majority of ORs. These vessels may only form a small percentage of the fleet (up to 10%), but land a range of species that form a much more economically important (especially for export) resource for the OR. Despite this, for a number of ORs, these large vessels (e.g. purse seiners, longliners) may not be registered within the OR (i.e. Spanish and Portuguese vessels), or may not land all their catch within the OR (e.g. Venezuelan boats within French Guiana), potentially reducing economic benefits to the OR.
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