Monitor toolbox by theme

Main indicator

• Underachievement in digital skills, measuring the share of students in their eighth year of schooling who do not reach level 2 on the computer and information literacy proficiency scale.Source: IEA ICILS

A closer look

• Underachievement in digital skills can be broken down by sex and by socio-economic background, the latter proxied by parental education, parental occupation and the number of books at home.Source: IEA ICILS

Similar indicators

• Level of digital skills, measuring individuals’ level of digital skills based on digital-associated activities performed.Eurostat (EU ICT Survey) [isoc_sk_dskl_i21]
• Digital education activities, measuring the share of individuals doing online courses or using online learning material.Eurostat (EU ICT Survey) [isoc_ci_ac_i]

Context

• Cyberbullying, measured as the prevalence of cyberbullying perpetration among 15-year-olds by sex.

• ICT for teaching, measuring teachers’ perceived preparedness for use of ICT for teaching and perceived need for professional development in ICT skills.OECD TALIS

Further reading

• European Commission communication 2025 Action Plan on Basic Skills.
• European Commission 2024 report on the European results of ICILS.
• European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice 2023 report on digital competence at school.
• European Commission 2024 Guidelines on wellbeing and mental health at school.
• Cedefop 2025 report on digital skills policy in VET.
• IEA (2024), ICILS 2023 international report.
• OECD 2025 policy paper on preparing teachers for digital education and 2024 note on managing screen time: how to protect and equip students against distraction.
• OECD 2024 working paper on the potential impact of AI on equity and inclusion in education.
• MIT media lab 2025 study on neural and behavioural consequences of AI-assisted essay writing.

• WHO Health behaviour in school-aged children study.