This handbook is published in the context of AI Watch, the European Commission’s knowledge service to monitor the development, uptake and impact of AI for Europe, which was launched in December 2018 as part of the Coordinated Plan on the Development and Use of Artificial Intellig...
This report provides estimates of AI investments in the EU between 2018 and 2020 and, for selected investments categories, in the UK and the US. It considers AI as a general-purpose technology and, besides direct investments in the development and adoption of AI technologies, als...
We study a model of financial intermediation, payment choice, and privacy in the digital economy. Cash preserves anonymity but cannot be used for more efficient online transactions. By contrast, bank deposits can be used online but do not preserve anonymity. Banks use the informa...
The number of cyberattacks on EU institutions, bodies and agencies (EUIBAs) is increasing sharply. As EUIBAs are strongly interconnected, weaknesses in one can expose others to security threats. We examined whether the EUIBAs have adequate arrangements to protect themselves again...
The main objective of this report is to provide some insight about citizen-generated data (CGD) that may be part of open data portals, allowing public administrations to better understand whether and how CGD may be made available as part of their open data offering. The report pr...
The evolution of technology has brought forward new techniques to share, process and store data. This has generated new models of data (including personal data) processing, but also introduced new threats and challenges. Some of the evolving privacy and data protection challenges...
To adequately address future cybersecurity threats and to shape a more secure society, ENISA aims to draw upon findings and research from the futures and foresight community to develop a process to apply foresight to cybersecurity. By fostering the ability to understand potential...
This report summarises the work done so far on thought leadership regarding the mid- and long-term sustainability of (open) data portal infrastructures. The main research questions we are addressing in this work, which spans from 2021 to 2025, are the following. What is the role ...
The ENISA CSIRT Maturity Framework is intended to contribute to the enhancement of the global capacity to manage cyber incidents, with a focus on CSIRTs. Cyber incidents and developments are inherently transnational and effective responses depend on transnational collaboration. T...
Today, threat actors are using disinformation campaigns and deepfake content to misinform the public about events, to influence politics and elections, to contribute to fraud, and to manipulate shareholders in a corporate context. Many organisations have now begun to see deepfake...