The Egyptian economy is majorly dominated by the services sector that contributed to around 56% to the GDP in 2019, followed by the industry sector that contributed to around 32.6% and lastly the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector contributing to around 11.4% to the GDP in 2019. The shar...
The Mortgage Credit Directive (Directive 2014/17/EU) aims to create an efficient and competitive internal market for consumers, creditors and credit intermediaries. It aims to provide a high level of consumer protection; and promote financial stability by ensuring that mortgage credit markets op...
The issuance of EU debt in the context of the recovery plan for Europe creates scope for strengthening the international role of the euro. However, with a large share of safe euro assets likely to be absorbed by the pandemic emergency purchase programme of the ECB, a shortage of eligible bonds s...
This paper summarises recent trends in the international use of the euro and potential benefits and drawbacks of acquiring the status of an international currency, with a focus on implications for monetary policy. The benefits of international currency status are found to likely be limited and t...
This paper provides a dataset on the currency composition of the international investment position for a group of 50 countries for the period 1990-2017. It improves available data based on estimates by incorporating actual data reported by statistical authorities and refining estimation methods....
The report Blockchain Now and Tomorrow brings together research from different units and disciplinary fields of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It provides multidimensional insights into the state of blockchain technology by identifying o...
This report brings together research from the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It provides multidimensional insights into the state of blockchain technology by identifying ongoing and upcoming transformations in a range of sectors and setting ...
This 18th annual review of the international role of the euro published by the ECB presents an overview of developments in the use of the euro by non-euro area residents. This report covers developments in 2018 and early 2019. This period was characterised by growing concerns about the impact of...
This paper reviews and assesses financial stability challenges in countries preparing for EU membership, i.e. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey. The paper mainly focuses on the period since 2016 (unless the analysis requires a longer time spa...
Speculation on Bitcoin, the evolution of money in the digital age, and the underlying blockchain technology are attracting growing interest. In the context of the Eurosystem, this briefing paper analyses the legal nature of privately issued virtual currencies (VCs), the implications of VCs for c...
