The ability and willingness of consumers to switch products and services is central to well-functioning markets. Relatively ‘low’ rates of switching in the retail financial services and products sector has long been of concern to policy makers and consumer organisations. Although there is no opt...
This report explores the potential employment and economic impacts of an EU transition to a low-carbon economy by 2030 – on the EU, and on other regions of the world. It analyses the impacts across sectors and occupations, with a particular focus on manufacturing. The report highlights that the ...
Energy efficiency delivers energy savings and therefore energy cost savings, as well as direct environmental benefits. Besides, as an indirect effect, it has smaller or larger consequences on other economic values. This report reviews current knowledge about the impact of energy efficiency impro...
The Financial Regulation provides for the possibility to reimburse costs (of grant beneficiaries and experts) based on previously established unit costs as an alternative to the reimbursement of actual costs incurred (e.g. invoices). In recent years, experience with unit costs has shown that the...
The European corporate sector currently lacks investment dynamism and one explanation is that socalled zombie firms are spreading and that they crowd out the growth of other, potentially more “lively”, companies. Zombie firms are firms that apparently are unable to repay their debt and yet, they...
Also in a cross-border context there is a risk of non-payment of social contributions and unduly paid social benefits. Firstly, intra-EU labour mobility through the employment of migrants, cross-border workers, seasonal workers, posted workers and persons active in two or more Member States etc ...
We show that an increase in banks’ holdings of domestic sovereign debt decreases the ability of domestic sovereigns to successfully enact bailouts. When sovereigns finance bailouts with newly issued debt and the price of sovereign debt is sensitive to unanticipated debt issues, then bailouts dil...
Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border health care provides rules and procedures regarding access to and reimbursement of healthcare received abroad. In complement to Regulations 883/2004 and 987/2...
