The paper deals with the evaluation of the regional supply of financial services. Digitisation and the associated reduction of branches are taken into account. The previous measurement approach (branches per square kilometre or per inhabitant) will be critically examined and an extended measurem...
The objective of the project was to perform a study to support the implementation of a pan- European framework on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market. The Commission adopted on 4 June 2012 a proposal for a Regulation on "electronic iden...
Based on a further analysis carried out by the central banks of the Eurosystem during 2014, this report adds perspective and detail, while reiterating and confirming the general consideration of the ECB’s report on virtual currency schemes (2012) that, although VCS can have positive aspects in t...
This assessment guide has been developed by the European Forum on the Security of Retail Payments, SecuRe Pay (the “Forum”), on the basis of the final “Recommendations for the security of internet payments” (the “Recommendations”) published on the ECB’s websiteon 31 January 2013. This assessment...
This report presents the findings of a study commissioned by the European Commission's Information Society and Media Directorate-General. The study aims to review the relevant EU legal rules for the information society (excluding the telecom legal framework, consumer acquis and VAT rules) in ord...
Inadequate consumer protection, especially in the U.S. mortgage market, not only led to considerable consumer detriment but was a major contributor to the global financial crisis. In the EU, mis-selling of financial products has also resulted in significant consumer harm. Considering the signifi...
Directive 1999/93/EC on a Community framework for electronic signatures was adopted by the European Parliament and the Council in December 1999, with the aim to create an European platform of trust for the use of electronic signatures, favouring the cross-border flow of products and services and...
Virtual communities have proliferated in recent years – a phenomenon triggered by technological developments and by the increased use of the internet. In some cases, these communities have created and circulated their own currency for exchanging the goods and services they offer, and thereby pro...
