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HomeCritical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water
Critical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water
Metadejta tal-pubblikazzjoni
Fluoride, either naturally present or intentionally added to water, food and consumer products, e.g. toothpaste, is generally considered beneficial to prevent dental caries. Considering previous opinions from EFSA and SCCP, SCHER has reviewed the newest information in the area on risk and benefit of using fluoridated drinking water and intake of fluoride from all sources. SCHER concludes: Hydrolysis of hexafluorosilicates, used for drinking water fluoridation, to fluoride was rapid and the release of fluoride ion was essentially complete. Therefore, the fluoride ion is considered the only relevant substance with respect to this opinion. There is a risk for dental fluorosis in children with systemic fluoride exposure, and a threshold cannot be detected. The occurrence of endemic skeletal fluorosis has not been reported in the EU general population. There is not sufficient evidence linking fluoride in the drinking water to the development of osteosarcoma. Fluoride intake from drinking water at the level occurring in the EU does not appear to hamper children’s neurodevelopment and IQ levels. Human studies do not suggest adverse thyroid effects at realistic human exposures to fluoride. There is no new evidence from human studies indicating that fluoride in drinking water influences male and female reproductive capacity. The upper tolerable intake level (UL) is not exceeded for adults and children between 12 and 15 years living in areas with fluoridated drinking water where the concentration of fluoride does not exceed 0.8 mg/L. The UL was exceeded in children between 6 and 12 years living in areas with fluoridated drinking water (with levels above 0.8 mg/L) when consuming more than 1 L water/day and using adult toothpaste containing 0.15% fluoride. The UL is exceeded in children between 1 and 6 years of age living in areas with fluoridated drinking water (at fluoride concentration levels above 0.8 mg/L) when consuming more than 0.5 L water and using adult toothpaste containing 0.15% fluoride. For infants, when the fluoride concentration in drinking water is above 0.8 mg/L, the exposure to fluoride is estimated to exceed 0.1 mg/kg/day. Water fluoridation as well as topical fluoride applications, e.g. fluoridated toothpaste or varnish, appears to prevent caries, primarily on permanent dentition, but topical application is the more efficient measure. In children, a very narrow margin exists between achieving the beneficial effects of fluoride in caries prevention and the adverse effects of dental fluorosis. Exposure of environmental organisms to the levels of fluoride used for fluoridation of drinking water is not expected to lead to unacceptable risks to the environment.
- Ippubblikat:
- Awtur(i) korporattiv(i): Id-Direttorat Ġenerali għas-Saħħa u l-Konsumaturi (Il-Kummissjoni Ewropea)
- Temi Saħħa tal-konsumaturi , Ambjent — Ekoloġija
- Suġġett: fluworu , konsum tal-ilma , kontroll tas-saħħa , kwalità tal-ambjent , niġġies tal-ilma , prodott kimiku , saħħa pubblika , standard ta’ kwalità
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| ISSN 1831-4775 | ISBN 978-92-79-12781-6 | DOI 10.2772/38897 | Numru tal-Katalogu ND-AR-09-024-EN-N |
- Released on EU Publications:
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