Due to increasing digital transformation across various sectors, cybersecurity is now at the forefront for many organisations. This trend has been further reinforced by the continuous development of relevant EU legislative and policy frameworks, such as the Network and Informatio...

The main objective of this study is to identify the remaining technical and regulatory barriers to the development of smart charging, taking into account the needs of various stakeholders, and to propose and evaluate possible legislative and non-legislative policy measures addres...

In 2021, an unprecedented increase in gas spot prices and wholesale electricity prices took place in Europe. Gas spot prices reached a record high day-ahead value of 116.1 EUR/MWh in October 2021. Similarly, the electricity day-ahead prices reached 170 EUR/MWh in October 2021, an...

The Clean energy for EU islands Initiative was launched in May 2017, underlining the European Union’s intent to accelerate the clean energy transition on Europe’s more than 2,400 inhabited islands. The initiative aims to reduce the dependency of European islands on energy imports...

The technical and economic issues posed by the EU network codes (NCs) and guidelines (GLs) for electricity are manifold. In addition, NCs and GLs raise important and challenging legal issues. To gain a more comprehensive perspective on these regulations, it is important to unders...

Before the 2011 conflict, Syria’s electricity infrastructure was barely functional. There were high production and transmission losses with frequent load shedding, especially in the summer. Syria had poor structural and performance indicators: power losses stood at nearly 26% and...

Enhancing energy efficiency has become a priority for the European Union. Several policies and initiatives aim to improve the energy performance of buildings and collect data of sufficient quality on the effect of energy efficiency policies on building stocks across Europe. Knowl...

In May 2018, two years after the European Network Code Requirements for Generators (RfG NC) had been published, European Member States (MS) have been obliged to conclude the respective national implementations of their individual grid codes. Next to a set of binding grid connecti...

With the strong increase of the internet the energy consumption of data transmission has dramatically increased. The potential new electrical load represented by this equipment needs to be addressed by EU energy and environmental policies. It is important that the electrical effi...