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The Recast Directive opens the single European railway area to competition. Competition is gradually emerging across the EU but there are obvious asymmetries among Member States, in particular in the commercial passenger sector, which includes high-speed services (see RMMS 2023, Figure 79). Whil...

The European Union (EU) has started to show increasing interest in the so-called Indo-Pacific area. As is demonstrated by two new EU strategic documents, EU Strategy for Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (2021) and Strategic Compass for Security and Defence (2022), it is aiming to strengthen its s...

This paper analyses the risk of a Third World War. Although conflicts are taking place in many parts of the world, many people may not feel there is much of a threat. However, if one observes reality dispassionately, the view that the risk of a Third World War is looming is not necessarily unrea...

Compliance carbon markets continue to be at the core of global climate mitigation efforts and raised a record USD 74 billion in revenues in 2023. In 2024, 36 Emission Trading Systems (ETSs) are in force, covering approximately 18% of global emissions. In addition, 22 ETSs are being developed or ...

This policy brief refers to the research findings concerning the situation of migrant women in the domestic work sector in Poland....

For almost 20 years, agriculture has remained the leading niche in the Polish labour market, where tens of thousands of foreigners find temporary employment every year. For many years, undocumented work for the local fruit grower or farmer was the main activity of newly arrived migrants with no ...

There has been much discussion about ”engaging with the Global South”. First, we need to understand why and then how. Why? While China’s population is 4 time bigger the US GDP is 1.5 times bigger than China’s and its defence spending is 2.5 times bigger1. In short, the US is still the only super...

Japan plays a critical yet often overlooked role in the geopolitical dynamics of Southeast Asia – an important region at the centre of the Indo-Pacific where US-China rivalry has intensified over the past decade. Having overcome antagonisms related to its pre-1945 wartime and colonial history in...

This policy brief is based on the research results of the project “Accessing migration infrastructure and employment strategies in a time of crisis: Ukraine female war refugees and migrants in Poland and Italy” which focused on three main questions: (1) How do existing and newly introduced legal...

Aviation is crucial for Europe’s mobility, connectivity and competitiveness. With over 900 million air passengers travelling to, from and within the European Union each year, Europe makes up a third of the global aviation market. Liberalisation of the internal aviation market has been a major EU...