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Gender and social implications of military service, caregiving systems, and educational inequality
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This thesis examines the impact of life events and institutional policies on individuals’ long-term outcomes across three different settings. The first chapter focuses on the long-term consequences of extended mandatory military service for women, an underexplored area compared to the service of men. Given the nature of women’s military roles, this chapter sheds light on a policy that provided women with early employment experience. Leveraging an exogenous extension of women’s military service in Israel, this chapter reveals that extended service increased women’s participation in higher education in the short term, delayed motherhood, and positively affected long-term labor market outcomes. The second chapter investigates the ‘aging parent penalty’: the impact of a parental health shock on the employment of adult children across different caregiving systems. Using data from SHARE, this chapter finds that in countries where the family mainly performs caregiving duties, daughters’ employment declines in response to a parental health shock. In countries where the market primarily provides caregiving services, sons’ employment increases after a parental health shock. In contrast, when caregiving is predominantly government-supported, no significant impact is found on children’s employment. The third chapter explores the evolution of the cognitive ability gap between children of different socioeconomic backgrounds in the UK. Using two British cohort studies conducted in 1970 and 2000, this chapter analyzes the cognitive gap across cohorts at ages 5 and 10. The chapter shows that while the initial cognitive gap at age 5 is similar in both cohorts, by age 10, the gap widens for the 1970 cohort but narrows for the 2000 cohort, suggesting improvements in the education system’s role in reducing inequalities. Together, these chapters contribute to our understanding of how institutional policies and life events shape gender and social inequality in education and the labor market.
- Published:
- Corporate author(s): European University Institute
- Personal author(s): Federman, Stav
- Themes: Social sciences research
- Subject: care economy , dependence of elderly persons , econometrics , female worker , gender equality , household income , Israel , level of education , long-term forecast , national service , participation of women , position of women , relationship , research method , social inequality , socioeconomic conditions , thesis , United Kingdom
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| ISSN | ISBN | DOI 10.2870/1052455 | Catalogue number QM-01-24-175-EN-N |
- Released on EU publications website:
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