Conservation and recovery of threatened birds in the European Union
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By implementing the Birds Directive, all 27 EU Member States can achieve far more together than they could if each operated on its own. In particular they can: protect all bird species from persecution and unsustainable exploitation, and establish a comprehensive system to manage hunting, which is a legitimate form of use of the bird species listed in annexes II/1 (applicable to all Member States) and 11/2 (restricted to certain Member States); take special conservation measures to maintain and restore the habitats of the 192 species listed as threatened in Annex I of the Directive; establish a coherent network of Special Protected Areas (SPAS), where sufficient habitat for threatened and migratory birds should be conserved. Since 1994, all SPAS have formed an integral part of the ~atura20 00, the largest and most comprehensive international ecological network in the world.