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• Case C-270/18: Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 16 October 2019 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État — France) — UPM France v Premier ministre, Ministre de l’Action et des Comptes publics (Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 2003/96/EC — Taxation of energy products and electricity — Third subparagraph of Article 21(5) — Exemption of small producers of electricity, subject to the taxation of electricity produced — Lack, during an authorised transitional period, of an internal tax on end consumption of electricity — Article 14(1)(a) — Obligation to exempt energy products and electricity used to produce electricity)

  • Published: 2019-10-16
  • Corporate Author(s): Court of Justice (Court of Justice of the European Union)
  • Subject: electrical energy, energy consumption, energy production, energy-generating product, environmental tax, natural gas, small business, tax exemption
• 

  METIS technical note T2
  METIS power market models

  METIS is an on-going project initiated by DG ENER for the development of an energy modelling software, with the aim to further support DG ENER’s evidence-based policy making, especially in the areas of electricity and gas. The software is developed by Artelys with the support of IAEW (RWTH Aache...

  METIS is an on-going project initiated by DG ENER for the development of an energy modelling software, with the aim to further support DG ENER’s evidence-based policy making, especially in the areas of electricity and gas. The software is developed by Artelys with the support of IAEW (RWTH Aachen University), ConGas and Frontier Economics as part of Horizons 2020 and is closely followed by DG ENER. Two versions have been already delivered at the DG ENER premises. The intention is to provide DG ENER with an in-house tool that can quickly provide insights and robust answers to complex economic and energy related questions, focusing on the short-term operation of the energy system and markets. METIS was used, along with PRIMES, in the impact assessment of the Market Design Initiative. This document presents the main assumptions used for METIS power market module. After a quick overview of METIS main characteristics in Section 0, Section Error! Reference source not found. describes how energy assets are modelled, with a particular focus on reserve procurement. Section 3 describes the main methodology used for day-ahead and intraday market modelling, then Section 0 focuses on the balancing market.

  • Published: 2019-07-12
  • Corporate Author(s): Artelys ; Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Khallouf, Paul ; Bardet, Régis ; Bossavy, Arthur ; Chammas, Maxime ; Texier, Bertrand
  • Subject: data processing, electrical energy, energy market, energy policy, gas, simulation, software
• Joined Cases C-180/18, C-286/18 and C-287/18: Judgment of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 11 July 2019 (requests for a preliminary ruling from the Consiglio di Stato — Italy) — Agrenergy Srl (C-180/18 and C-286/18), Fusignano Due Srl (C-287/18) v Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (Reference for a preliminary ruling — Environment — Directive 2009/28/EC — Article 3(3)(a) — Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources — Production of electricity by solar photovoltaic plants — Alteration of a support scheme — Principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations)

  • Published: 2019-07-11
  • Corporate Author(s): Court of Justice (Court of Justice of the European Union)
  • Subject: electrical energy, energy production, EU environmental policy, principle of legal certainty, production aid, renewable energy, solar energy, State aid
• 

  Study on ensuring interoperability for enabling Demand Side Flexibility
  Executive summary

  The transition to sustainable energy sources introduces distributed intermittent energy that requires more flexibility in demand. It is anticipated that consumers will play an active role with self-generation and will pro-actively manage their demand according to their needs and available resour...

  The transition to sustainable energy sources introduces distributed intermittent energy that requires more flexibility in demand. It is anticipated that consumers will play an active role with self-generation and will pro-actively manage their demand according to their needs and available resources; this is called Demand Side Flexibility (DSF). Energy Management applications will be used to control consumption, generation and storage, so that consumers will be in control, but will not need to execute all the related actions themselves. These applications will take input from Smart Meters and signals from energy market players to control the in-home energy flows. To that end, the data needed for DSF needs to flow seamlessly through an IT infrastructure that connects Smart Meters, Consumer Energy Management Systems, Smart Appliances and Gateways between the home and external networks. The IT infrastructure of DSF is covered by three different industries that all have separately developed technology and standards, i.e., the Utility industry, the Telecom industry and the Home appliances industry. Originated for different purposes and in different context, the communication standards from these industries are not necessarily aligned, leading to barriers in the seamless flow of data in the DSF infrastructure. In this study, we have investigated the need for alignment among the communication standards from the Utility, Telecom and Home appliances industries. We have selected nine standards that have been compared with the reference ontology SAREF (Smart Appliances REFerence ontology), developed in an earlier project commissioned by DG-Connect, and its extension for the Energy domain, SAREF4ENER. We concluded that alignment between DSF standards is needed and that SAREF/SAREF4ENER can be used as the overarching ontology to facilitate this alignment. Several actions and recommendations for various stakeholders, such as the Standards Development Organisations, have been identified and are listed in the report. Moreover, a proof of concept was demonstrated to show DSF interoperability through the complete, end-to-end IT infrastructure, from Smart Grid to Smart Meters and Smart Appliances. The next step to be taken is to scale up the proof of concept that we demonstrated, implementing the resulting SAREF-based solution in more use cases for Demand Side Flexibility, in more smart devices and at real consumer sites.

  • Published: 2019-07-01
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission) ; DNV-GL ; ESMIG ; TNO
  • Personal Author(s): Aalberts, Arjan ; Stapersma, Paul ; Strabbing, Willem ; Roelofsen, Bas ; Daniele, Laura
  • Subject: electrical energy, energy demand, energy supply, information technology, soft energy, sustainable development
• Case T-576/15: Order of the General Court of 27 June 2019 — VIK v Commission (State aid — Aid granted by certain provisions of the amended German law on renewable energy sources — Annulment of the act criticised by the Court — Action which has become devoid of purpose — No need to adjudicate)

  • Published: 2019-06-27
  • Corporate Author(s): General Court (Court of Justice of the European Union)
  • Subject: control of State aid, electrical energy, energy consumption, financial aid, Germany, reimbursement of aid, renewable energy, State aid
• 

  Do current regulatory frameworks in the EU support innovation and security of supply in electricity and gas infrastructure?
  Country report : Hungary

  • Published: 2019-05-17
  • Corporate Author(s): Consentec ; Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) ; ECORYS ; Energy Law Group ; Ramboll ; Shepherd & Wedderburn ; TU Wien
  • Personal Author(s): McRobb, Liz ; Hall, Samuel ; Fritz, Wolfgang ; Catalini, Emiliano ; Ryszka, Karolina ; Roose Øvlisen, Frederik ; Ladermann, Alexander ; Christensen, Søren Løvstad ; Heidecke, Laura ; Auer, Hans ; Downie, Gordon ; Hancher, Leigh ; Haffner, Robert ; Til, Harry van
  • Subject: electrical energy, electricity supply, energy grid, energy storage, energy supply, energy technology, gas, gas supply, Hungary, innovation, investment, renewable energy, report, safety standard, security of supply
• 

  Simulating electricity market bidding and price caps in the European power markets
  S18 report

  The present document has been prepared by the Institute of Power Systems and Power Economics (IAEW) at RWTH Aachen University in response to the Terms of Reference included under ENER/C2/2014-6391. Readers should note that the report presents the views of the Consultant, which do not necessarily...

  The present document has been prepared by the Institute of Power Systems and Power Economics (IAEW) at RWTH Aachen University in response to the Terms of Reference included under ENER/C2/2014-6391. Readers should note that the report presents the views of the Consultant, which do not necessarily coincide with those of the Commission. In the context of evaluating the impact of market designs on revenues of producers and the risks they face, many studies consider a so-called “marginal cost bidding” behavior for the producers. This type of bidding behavior assumes that the power producers bids on the market according to its production cost, including all costs that are production-dependent: mainly fuel costs, CO2 costs, and start-up costs. This approach has several advantages, including its simplicity and the limited necessity of input data and assumptions for the market participants’ bidding strategies. However, marginal cost bidding does not necessarily reflect the way electricity producers bid in the market in reality. In practice, during scarcity hours for instance, prices tend to go higher than the production costs of any production unit, simply because these instants are the only ones at which peaking plants can recover their fixed costs. These scarcity situations are few and uncertain, though. As the modeling of bidding strategies may have an impact on the estimated risk profiles of power producers, it is important to simulate and analyze them within the context of existing electricity markets which presents the goal of this study. Thus, this study demonstrates how METIS can be applied to simulate different bidding strategies on the day-ahead market2. Therefore, we implement a new module in METIS, which enables a more sophisticated evaluation of bidding behavior in electricity markets. By doing so, the scope of investigations not only covers the well-known marginal cost bidding but also further strategies (e.g., oligopolistic bidding). Thereby, this study compares the estimated power producers’ revenues using different forms of market behavior. Finally, we assess the effect of price caps on marginal pricing as well as their impact on three different bidding strategies.

  • Published: 2019-05-07
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Bracht, Niklas van ; Moser, Albert ; Maaz, Andreas
  • Subject: electrical energy, energy market, energy research, price of energy, simulation
• Case T-231/19: Action brought on 8 April 2019 — Klöckner Pentaplast v Commission

  • Published: 2019-04-08
  • Corporate Author(s): General Court (Court of Justice of the European Union)
  • Subject: charges for use of infrastructure, control of State aid, electrical energy, electricity supply, energy consumption, energy supply, equal treatment, Germany, reimbursement of aid, State aid
• 

  Societal appreciation of energy security
  Volume 3, Non-household actors (EE, NL and PT)

  The availability and continuity of energy supply play a key role in qualifying the energy security of a country. This report explores the meaning of energy security, according to the perceptions and preferences of a broad range of market actors. Making use of interviews and survey data taken in ...

  The availability and continuity of energy supply play a key role in qualifying the energy security of a country. This report explores the meaning of energy security, according to the perceptions and preferences of a broad range of market actors. Making use of interviews and survey data taken in Estonia, the Netherlands and Portugal, the importance of an encompassing set of policy topics/measures is explored and described to investigate the relevance of different dimensions of energy security. The perspectives of residential, industrial and commercial energy users, Distribution System Operators, electricity retailers and producers are analysed rating and ranking the relevance of policy components of energy security. The study provides a snapshot of potential gaps and discrepancies among the views of different categories of market actors and compares information on their beliefs and preferences with those stated by households and the other market actors. This enables to identify any consensus on the different components of energy security.

  • Published: 2019-01-14
  • Corporate Author(s): Joint Research Centre (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Longo, A ; Bouman, T ; Giaccaria, S ; Efthimiadis, T
  • Subject: consumer survey, data collection, electrical energy, electricity supply, energy industry, energy supply, Estonia, Netherlands, Portugal, research report, sample survey, security of supply
• REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Energy prices and costs in Europe

  • Published: 2019-01-09
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) ; European Commission
  • Subject: electrical energy, energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy supply, EU energy policy, fuel, petroleum, price of energy, retail price, wholesale price