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  Case study on Heat pumps in Arnhem, the Netherlands
  Annex A.3 to part 1 of the study on the competitiveness of the renewable energy sector

  The European Commission aims to analyse the competitiveness of the European heating and cooling industry. Four case studies of successful and competitive deployment of heating and cooling solutions at a city level from selected organizations support this analysis. The case studies aim to illustr...

  The European Commission aims to analyse the competitiveness of the European heating and cooling industry. Four case studies of successful and competitive deployment of heating and cooling solutions at a city level from selected organizations support this analysis. The case studies aim to illustrate how competitive renewable energy technologies such as solar-thermal, biomass, biogas and heat pump are in the context of different local factors across Europe, and what are their impacts on local communities. The current case study is based on the desk search, field visit and interviews. It presents a renovation project involving 96 small houses in the Presikhaaf district of Arnhem (the Netherlands). As part of the renovation, the houses were fully insulated to lower energy consumptions; in addition, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels were installed on the rooftops (35 panels per house, 300Wp per panel) to generate electricity and heat pumps (air-to-water, 8kW) were deployed for space heating and domestic hot water.

  • Published: 2019-08-21
  • Corporate Author(s): CEPS ; COWI ; Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Zarra, Antonella ; Simonelli, Felice
  • Subject: air conditioning, case study, competitiveness, energy market, energy policy, heat pump, heating, Netherlands, physical process, renewable energy
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  Competitiveness of corporate sourcing of renewable energy
  Annex A.1 to part 2 of the study on the competitiveness of the renewable energy sector, Case study: WWRD

  WWRD is a small manufacturer of luxury crystal glass tableware products based in Ireland; as a key part of its business model, the company is a ‘tourism factory’ that allows tourists to visit its manufacturing plants in Waterford and learn more about the production of crystal glass. In complianc...

  WWRD is a small manufacturer of luxury crystal glass tableware products based in Ireland; as a key part of its business model, the company is a ‘tourism factory’ that allows tourists to visit its manufacturing plants in Waterford and learn more about the production of crystal glass. In compliance with its corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy, WWRD purchases 100% of the electricity consumed via a green energy offer. The company has also assessed opportunities to rely on renewable sources for heating purposes; however, for the time being, WWRD decided not to pursue such opportunities. By focusing on a medium-sized company, which is environmentally conscious, this case study allows drawing some policy recommendations that may foster small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to embrace the green energy revolution.

  • Published: 2019-08-21
  • Corporate Author(s): CEPS ; COWI ; Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Simonelli, Felice
  • Subject: air conditioning, case study, competitiveness, energy market, energy policy, EU Member State, heating, physical process, renewable energy
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  Competitiveness of the heating and cooling industry and services
  Part 2 of the study on the competitiveness of the renewable energy sector

  This report constitutes the second part of a larger Study on the “Competitiveness of the Renewable Energy Sector”, conducted by COWI and CEPS for DG ENER of the European Commission. The report focuses on the impact of corporate sourcing of renewable energy on the competitiveness of the European ...

  This report constitutes the second part of a larger Study on the “Competitiveness of the Renewable Energy Sector”, conducted by COWI and CEPS for DG ENER of the European Commission. The report focuses on the impact of corporate sourcing of renewable energy on the competitiveness of the European industry. European companies rely on renewables to meet their energy needs for three main reasons: i) strengthening their competitive advantage and increasing their demand, as consumers' choices are increasingly driven by sustainability considerations; ii) attracting more capital, as investors are growingly concerned about the environmental footprint of their investments; and iii) improving their cost competitiveness, as renewables may reduce energy costs. At the same time, EU companies face some barriers when trying to source renewables. Many barriers are addressed by the new 'Clean Energy for All Europeans’ package; others will require additional measures. The report also estimates the potential impacts of corporate sourcing of renewables on the EU economy. Should EU-based industrial and commercial companies commit to source renewable electricity to meet 30% of their total demand of electricity by 2030, the EU renewable energy sector could generate more than €750 billion in gross added value and above 220,000 new jobs.

  • Published: 2019-08-21
  • Corporate Author(s): CEPS ; COWI ; Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Simonelli, Felice
  • Subject: air conditioning, competitiveness, energy market, energy policy, EU Member State, heating, physical process, renewable energy, report
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  Synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide (NM-200, NM-201, NM-202, NM-203, NM-204)
  Characterisation and physico-chemical properties : JRC repository : NM-series of representative manufactured nanomaterials

  The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) provides scientific support to European Union policy including nanotechnology. Within this context, the JRC launched, in February 2011, a repository for Representative Test Materials (RTMs), based on preparatory work started in 2008. It suppo...

  The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) provides scientific support to European Union policy including nanotechnology. Within this context, the JRC launched, in February 2011, a repository for Representative Test Materials (RTMs), based on preparatory work started in 2008. It supports both EU and international research projects, and especially the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). The WPMN leads an exploratory testing programme "Testing a Representative set of Manufactured Nanomaterials" for the development and collection of data on characterisation, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties, as well as risk assessment and safety evaluation of nanomaterials. The purpose is to understand the applicability of the OECD Test Guidelines for the testing of nanomaterials as well as end-points relevant for such materials. The Repository responds to a need for nanosafety research purposes: availability of nanomaterial from a single production batch to enhance the comparability of results between different research laboratories and projects. The availability of representative nanomaterials to the international scientific community furthermore enhances and enables development of safe materials and products. The present report presents the physico-chemical characterisation of the synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2, SAS) from the JRC repository: NM-200, NM-201, NM-202, NM-203 and NM-204. NM-200 was selected as principal material for the OECD test programme "Testing a representative set of manufactured nanomaterials". NM-200, NM-201 and NM-204 (precipitated SAS) are produced via the precipitation process, whereas NM-202 and NM-203 (fumed or pyrogenic SAS) are produced via a high temperature process. Each of these NMs originates from one respective batch of commercially manufactured SAS. They are nanostructured, i.e. they consist of aggregated primary particles. The SAS NMs may be used as a representative material in the measurement and testing with regard to hazard identification, risk and exposure assessment studies. The results for more than 15 endpoints are addressed in the present report, including physical-chemical properties, such as size and size distribution, crystallite size and electron microscopy images. Sample and test item preparation procedures are addressed. The results are based on studies by several European laboratories participating to the NANOGENOTOX Joint Action, as well as the JRC.

  • Published: 2013-08-21
  • Corporate Author(s): Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) ; Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) ; Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (Joint Research Centre) ; Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography (IMC-BAS) ; L'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) ; National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE) ; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA)
  • Subject: chemical process, data collection, environmental impact, environmental risk prevention, manufactured goods, materials technology, nanotechnology, physical process, research and development, research report, testing, toxicology
• Written question P-002743/13 Sajjad Karim (ECR) to the Commission. Investigation into DuPont and Honeywell regarding 1234yf and the directive on mobile air-conditioning systems (MAC Directive)

  • Published: 2013-03-08
  • Corporate Author(s): European Parliament ; Provisional data
  • Subject: chemical product, motor car, motor vehicle industry, physical process, research, safety device
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  ILC 02 2015, specific migration in food simulant A
  Report of the inter-laboratory comparison

  This report presents the results of an inter-laboratory comparison on the specific migration of caprolactam (CAP) and 2,4-di-tert butyl phenol (2,4-DTBP) from a plastic food contact material in food simulant A (ethanol 10 %, v/v) organised by the EURL-FCM, Ispra (Italy). Homogeneity and stabilit...

  This report presents the results of an inter-laboratory comparison on the specific migration of caprolactam (CAP) and 2,4-di-tert butyl phenol (2,4-DTBP) from a plastic food contact material in food simulant A (ethanol 10 %, v/v) organised by the EURL-FCM, Ispra (Italy). Homogeneity and stability studies were conducted. Participants had to carry out a migration test by immersion with food simulant A for 10 days at 60oC, to quantify the migration of caprolactam (CAP) in food simulant A, and to provide details of the analytical and sample extraction procedure. In addition a by-product 2,4- di-tert butyl phenol (2,4-DTBP) was also present and had to be quantified. The assigned values of the migration of the migrant were calculated as the robust mean of the results reported by the participants by applying the Q/Hampel method robust statistics. The participation to the ILC was satisfactory with 28 out of 29 participating laboratories submitting results. The z-score values of the laboratories for each substance were calculated based on the assigned value. In the case of CAP and also for the more challenging non intentionally added substances 2,4-DTBP more than 82% of the results were fully satisfactory (˜z-scoreœ<2). This percentage rose to close to 90% for z-scores <3 in the compliance evaluation of the regulated substance CAP.

  • Published: 2016-12-14
  • Corporate Author(s): European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) ; Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (Joint Research Centre)
  • Personal Author(s): Mieth, Anja ; Simoneau, Catherine ; Tsochatzis, Emmanouil
  • Subject: dangerous substance, food safety, human nutrition, packaging product, physical process, product safety, research body, research report
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  Intensive cooling in cold rolling (INCOOL)
  Final report

  The objective of this pilot and demonstration project was the industrialisation of the intensive, low pressure and high turbulent Water Pillow Cushion (WPC) cooling technology in the cold rolling mill for work roll cooling and strip cooling. This project aimed to improve the cooling performance ...

  The objective of this pilot and demonstration project was the industrialisation of the intensive, low pressure and high turbulent Water Pillow Cushion (WPC) cooling technology in the cold rolling mill for work roll cooling and strip cooling. This project aimed to improve the cooling performance with the purpose to suppress temperature related defects, to enhance the lubrication efficiency and to increase the rolling speed through a lower strip exit strip temperature. The project is divided in two main parts; firstly, the implementation of a High Turbulence Work Roll Cooling (HTRC) prototype in the ArcelorMittal Liège cold rolling mill and secondly, the implementation of the WPC for strip cooling in the guiding table of the Tata Steel tinplate mill. In a first step towards an industrial HTRC concept, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modelling calculations were done to optimise the HTRC design. These findings were validated on the AMMR cold rolling pilot line facility. Afterwards, the optimal cooling parameters and header geometry dimensions of an up-scaled industrial roll cooling header were defined. An industrial HTRC concept prototype was successfully tested by ArcelorMittal Liège. Related to the industrial WPC strip cooling header, different cold rolling pilot line trials were performed with a WPC bottom strip cooling prototype on the Tata Steel pilot mill to evaluate a turbulent strip cool unit and to optimise the design of this unit. An industrial WPC cooling unit was designed and constructed. The WPC header was implemented and successfully tested in the Tata Steel tinplate mill (Cold Mill 11).

  • Published: 2016-02-18
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Adriaen, P ; Jacobs, L ; Hamide, M ; Schelings, J ; Digiovanni, A ; Uijtdebroeks, Hugo ; Ait Bengrir, A ; Vervaet, B
  • Subject: iron and steel industry, iron and steel-working machinery, materials technology, metalworking, physical process, research project, research report
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  Temperature and straightness at straightening of sections and rails (Testra)
  

  Straightening at higher temperatures is of great industrial interest due to the bottle neck function of the cooling bed. By solving the problems encountered during hot straightening, the production performance can be increased significantly. The curvature change during cooling after straightenin...

  Straightening at higher temperatures is of great industrial interest due to the bottle neck function of the cooling bed. By solving the problems encountered during hot straightening, the production performance can be increased significantly. The curvature change during cooling after straightening is the main issue that has to be faced.

  • Published: 2013-04-25
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Eicke, J ; Haasler, A ; Eisenkolb, B ; Maag, A ; Odieres, J
  • Subject: furnace, iron and steel industry, iron and steel-working machinery, materials technology, physical process, research report, steel, testing
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  Development of an ultra fast cooling concept based on the dispersion of a liquid hydrocarbon in a continuous heat treatment line for steel strips (ULTRA DRY COOLING)
  Final report

  The Ultra Dry Cooling project objective is to validate and facilitate the industrial transfer of a rupture technology. This technology is a new steel strip cooling method that offers very high cooling rates, while in the same time being inert for the strip, to enable metallic coating directly af...

  The Ultra Dry Cooling project objective is to validate and facilitate the industrial transfer of a rupture technology. This technology is a new steel strip cooling method that offers very high cooling rates, while in the same time being inert for the strip, to enable metallic coating directly after cooling. The basic principle of Ultra Dry Cooling is to spray a liquid hydrocarbon on the hot strip, a part of the hydrocarbon being vaporized at the contact between droplets and the steel surface. The liquid and vapor phases are recovered in a closed loop. Several key steps have been defined to secure the industrialization. It includes at first the establishment of experimental correlation of heat transfer on a laboratory test bench. Then a complete safety study has been conducted to secure the industrial design. An Endless Strip Bench has been built and commissioned based on this design, and tests have been undertaken for pentane and then hayeptane as cooling fluid, after modification of the bench. Good behavior and high cooling performances have been demonstrated on the bench with heptane as a cooling fluid. The last part of the project focused on the basic engineering of the industrial design of the system using heptane, and on a deep study of steel surface quality after being cooled down by heptane. Conclusions are very encouraging, as an industrial solution has been determined, cooling performance and surface quality demonstrated. Finally, potential applications of the technology have been highlighted through contacts with main steelmakers.

  • Published: 2016-05-23
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Nemer, Maroun ; Dubois, Patrick ; Ferrand, Ludovic ; Gerkens, Pascal
  • Subject: iron and steel industry, materials technology, metal coating, physical process, research project, research report, steel
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  Building active steel skin (BASSE)
  

  The objective of the project was to develop a biomimetic energy harvesting system having the dual function of being the enclosing envelope of the building and the main provider of heating, cooling and hot water requirements for buildings. The system should be suitable for three climatic regions,...

  The objective of the project was to develop a biomimetic energy harvesting system having the dual function of being the enclosing envelope of the building and the main provider of heating, cooling and hot water requirements for buildings. The system should be suitable for three climatic regions, Southern (Spain/Italy), Northern (Sweden) and Temperate Europe (UK) During the first half of the project technology options were evaluated based upon state of the art and a workshop held with industry specialists to gather important stakeholders’ requirements. From these inputs, Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) were developed setting the objectives for further development of the BASSE system. The BASSE system as defined comprises three main elements: A sandwich panel solar collector; A heat pump system including energy storage; A control and management system. A range of concepts were developed relating to each of these subassemblies and for the system as a whole. These were evaluated, using various methods including thermal analysis, against the key performance indicators, the expertise present within the project partners and the consideration of the existing steel sandwich panel manufacturing process. A BASSE system description including the above components was developed for a residential building, to show a real world scenario for the integration of the proposed BASSE system. A prototype of the system was developed, manufactured and installed on the Kubik test facility in Derio, Spain. The installation was used to validate the theoretical models developed to predict the system performance and refine the installation procedures for the system.

  • Published: 2019-05-21
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)
  • Personal Author(s): Garay, Roberto ; Perry, Tim ; Lindahl, Michael ; Bertucelli, Luigi ; Francesconi, Guido ; Harper, Colin ; Elguezabal, Peru ; Vairo, Guiseppe ; Holmberg, Ted ; Fuster, Almudena ; Gisbert Rueda, Jorge ; Svensson, Holger ; Toledo, Consuelo ; Simpson, Kevin ; Boudjabeur, Samir ; Rodriguez, Pilar ; Chica, Jose Antonio
  • Subject: building insulation, building materials, building technique, heating, housing, iron and steel industry, physical process, project evaluation, research report, special steels, steel