This report aims to support European and international bodies involved in cyber exercises with lessons learned from cyber exercises. The report presents the results of research and analysis conducted by ENISA in 2012. ENISA examined 85 exercises covering the period between 2002 and 2012. In tota...
Robotics for healthcare is an emerging field which is expected to grow in the face of demographic change (ageing), expected shortages of healthcare personnel, calls for improving quality of life for the elderly and disabled, and the need for even higher quality care, for example high precision s...
Artificial Intelligence is a booming field of scientific discovery and practical deployments. Once a mostly academic area of study, twenty-first century AI enables a spectrum of mainstream technologies that are having a substantial impact on everyday lives. In many cases, already now, AI accompa...
This report presents the results of the interim evaluation of the ECSEL Joint Undertaking. ECSEL was set up in 2014 with the aim to contribute towards the development and implementation of strategic research programmes in the area of Electronic Components and Systems integrating activities in th...
ENISA began in 2015 to produce regular information notes, dubbed “InfoNotes”. This activity was the object of a final report that advised to continue the development of InfoNotes and their dissemination. ENISA’s Amended Work Program 2016 defines the following objectives for the info notes projec...
Information exchange on the Internet is possible thanks to a physical infrastructure composed of network equipment and cables, such as fibre optics. The majority of these cables are usually laid underground, for esthetic reasons and to improve their security. In the last years, ENISA has noticed...
This document provides an overview of existing mechanisms supporting Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) to deploy capabilities necessary for their operations and their maturity level. It introduces these mechanisms according to the CERT maturity levels that they address based on eight pre...
This Scientific Opinion responds to a request from European Commission Vice President Andrus Ansip for scientific advice on cybersecurity in the EU in the context of the European Digital Single Market. The advice in this Scientific Opinion is based on analysis of publiclyavailable scientific lit...
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are indispensable for a number of industrial processes, including energy distribution, water treatment, transportation, chemical, government, defence and food processes. Though until a few decades ago ICS functioned in discrete environments, nowadays they tend to...