Previous research efforts have focused on the development of comprehensive and robust datasets on Secondary Raw Materials, as requested in particular in the EU Circular Economy Action Plan (2015). For example, the Horizon 2020 project ProSUM (Prospecting Secondary raw materials in the Urban mine...
The current Battery Directive (European Commission, 2006b) classifies batteries in three groups of portable, automotive and industrial batteries. The newly proposed 2020 Battery Regulation adds electric vehicle (EV) batteries as a new ‘fourth’ category. With the fast rise of LMT batteries in e-b...
Vehicles are listed among the key products value chain identified in the Circular Economy Action Plan (EC, 2020a), one of the main blocks of the Green Deal (EC, 2019a). Also, synergies between a sustainable and smart mobility with the Circular Economy transition will be further addressed in the ...
As the focus on climate change increases, several countries are implementing green strategies and rapidly switching to clean energy technologies. This is leading to an increase in demand for materials used to manufacture key components of such technologies, and the European Commission has alread...
The traditional linear economy approach is still today mostly representing the usual business in the Li-ion battery value chain. Mining and chemical industries provide most of the myriad of raw and processed materials used in the production of the various Li-ion cell components including the ano...
This report has been produced under the Action Plan on Circular Economy in which the Commission set out to issue a report on critical raw materials and the circular economy in 2017, in order to ensure a coherent and effective approach, provide key data sources, promote best practices and identif...
The fast increase of the electrified vehicles market will translate into an increase of waste batteries after their use in electrified vehicles (xEV). Once collected, batteries are usually recycled; however, their residual capacity (typically varying between 70% and 80% of the initial capacity) ...
The report aims to contribute to the review process of the specific ecodesign requirements on the durability of the hose and the operational motor lifetime of the vacuum cleaner (VC) product group. For this purpose a comprehensive method for the environmental and economic assessment of extending...
This report is a background document used by several European Commission services to prepare the EC report on critical raw materials and the circular economy, a commitment of the European Commission made in its Communication ‘EU action plan for the Circular Economy’. It represents a JRC contribu...